Adjuvant activity of muramyl dipeptide derivatives to enhance immunogenicity of a hantavirus-inactivated vaccine

Comparative study of structurally related peptidoglycan monomer and muramyl dipeptide on humoral IgG immune response to ovalbumin in mouse

“…They revealed that MDP and other muramylpeptides of an appropriate size and structure provoked the necrotic reaction, while PGM and other bacterial immunomodulators, which shared many bioactivities with muramypeptides, did not [44]. Numerous MDP variants have been developed to overcome limitations of toxicity, but retaining adjuvant effects [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Reports mostly agree that all synthesized derivates of MDP could be useful immunoadjuvants.…”

“…A variety of MDP analogs and derivatives have also been synthesized and their adjuvant activities have been examined [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. MDP and its derivates are now known to be PAMPs [13].…”

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Mannose Derived Immunomodulating Adamantyltripeptides

“…1,2 Smaller size peptidoglycans as well as some peptidoglycan fragments of well defined structures, the best known of which are muramyl peptides, had been extensively studied as possible adjuvants for human and animal vaccines. 3,4,5 Muramyl peptides are considered to be structural fragments of the monomeric peptidoglycans (e.g. PGM, 1, GlcNAc-MurNac-L-Ala-D-isoGln-mesoDAP(εNH 2 )-DAla-D-Ala, Figure 1) of bacterial cell walls, and MDP (muramyl dipeptide; N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-Disoglutamine) is known as the smallest synthetic adjuvant molecule capable of replacing whole Mycobacteria in Freund's adjuvant.…”

Novel mannosyl derivatives of peptidoglycan monomer: Synthesis and biological evaluation of immunomodulatory properties

“…1,2 Immunostimulating activity of a smaller size peptidoglycans with well defined structures, that are not immunogenic and are devoid of pyrogenicity and toxicity, has been studied extensively, since such compounds could be considered for the use as adjuvants for human and animal vaccines. 3,4 Peptidoglycan monomer (PGM) studied in this work is a disaccharide pentapeptide b-D-GlcNAc-(1?4)-D-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGlnmesoDAP(eNH 2 )-D-Ala-D-Ala ( Fig. 1) originating from Brevibacterium divaricatum.…”