“…Valproic acid (VPA), a well-known antiepileptic/anticonvulsant drug, also acts as an inhibitor of histone deacetylases 1 and 2 ( Göttlicher et al, 2001 ; Phiel et al, 2001 ). Many studies have reported autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-like behavioral abnormalities induced by VPA exposure during prenatal and neonatal periods in various mammalian species such as mice ( Yochum et al, 2008 ; Burenkova et al, 2014 ), rats ( Miyazaki et al, 2005 ; Mychasiuk et al, 2012 ; Favre et al, 2013 ), common marmosets ( Yasue et al, 2018 ), and ferrets ( Krahe et al, 2016 ). These behavioral abnormalities are believed to be associated with cerebral cortical abnormalities caused by developmental VPA exposure ( Sabers et al, 2014 ; Wood et al, 2014 ; Fujimura et al, 2016 ; Lauber et al, 2016 ; Sawada et al, 2021 ).…”