“…Though bone engineering scaffolds provide stem cells with a platform for cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation, the stem cells are also not ideal supplementary materials due to low survival rate, immunological rejection, tumorigenesis, and microthrombosis ( Brennan et al, 2020 ). The extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, have been proven to present parental cells and deliver bioactive molecules (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites), thus having the ability of osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation, which promise to be desirable components combining with bone engineering scaffolds to repair bone defects ( Huber et al, 2022 ; Li et al, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2018 ). The applications of exosomes and bone engineering scaffolds are still to be further researched, and there remain some problems to be solved.…”