Advances in Antibacterial Functionalized Coatings on Mg and Its Alloys for Medical Use—A Review

Abstract

As a revolutionary implant material, magnesium and its alloys have many exciting performances, such as biodegradability, mechanical compatibility, and excellent biosecurity. However, the rapid and uncontrollable degradation rate of magnesium greatly hampers its clinical use. Many efforts have been taken to enhance the corrosion resistance of magnesium. However, it must be noted that improving the corrosion resistance of magnesium will lead to the compromise of its antibacterial abilities, which are attribute and proportional to the alkaline pH during its degradation. Providing antibacterial functionalized coating is one of the best methods for balancing the degradation rate and the antibacterial ability of magnesium. Antibacterial functionalized magnesium is especially well-suited for patients with diabetes and infected wounds. Considering the extremely complex biological environment in the human body and the demands of enhancing corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, osteogenesis, and antibacterial ability, composite coatings with combined properties of different materials may be promising. The aim of this review isto collect and compare recent studies on antibacterial functionalized coatings on magnesium and its alloys. The clinical applications of antibacterial functionalized coatings and their material characteristics, antibacterial abilities, in vitro cytocompatibility, and corrosion resistance are also discussed in detail.

Antimicrobial Activity and Degradation of Superhydrophobic Magnesium Substrates in Bacterial Media

“…Therefore, significant efforts are currently 2 of 16 being made in analyzing the mechanism of antibacterial activity of magnesium-based alloys [2][3][4][5], and finding the ways to slow down the rate of degradation. Among the most promising options for protection against degradation are magnesium alloying [6][7][8], the use of particles of magnesium or magnesium alloys as fillers for polymer matrices [9][10][11], deposition of protective layers on magnesium alloy substrates [12], and the use of treatments of magnesium alloys, leading to a superhydrophobic state in the surface [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

Novel Hydroxyapatite Whiskers Modified by Silver Ion and Nano Zinc Oxide Used for Bone Defect Repairment

“…In the field of bio-nano medicine, the therapeutic potential of metal nanoparticles (NPs) in treating diseases is encouraging. At present, the commonly used metal oxides with antibacterial properties are CuO, TiO 2 , ZnO, Fe 2 O 3 and CeO 2 , but TiO 2 and ZnO have better antibacterial effects [17,18]. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is currently being investigated as an antibacterial agent in both microscale and nanoscale formulations [18].…”

“…At present, the commonly used metal oxides with antibacterial properties are CuO, TiO 2 , ZnO, Fe 2 O 3 and CeO 2 , but TiO 2 and ZnO have better antibacterial effects [17,18]. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is currently being investigated as an antibacterial agent in both microscale and nanoscale formulations [18]. Compared with pure HA, HA deposited with a proper amount of zinc oxide has better cell proliferation and cell viability [19,20].…”

Antimicrobial activity and degradation of superhydrophobic magnesium substrates in bacterial media

“…Therefore, significant efforts are currently targeted on finding the ways to slow down the rate of degradation. Among the most promising options are the use of particles of magnesium or magnesium alloys as fillers for polymer matrices [1][2][3] and the use of treatments of magnesium alloys, leading to a superhydrophobic state of the surface [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11].…”