Adverse Effects of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART)

A, Hima Bindu; P, Naga Anusha

doi:10.4172/jaa.1000037

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune disease is a debilitating disease that resulted in modern global crisis. The disease is not curable, and it has no medication that can cure yet [1]. Globally, there was a total estimate of 36.9 million people living with HIV in 2017 while about 21.7 million people were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunologic and Clinical Failure of Antiretroviral Therapy in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus within Two Years of Treatment

Asgedom

Maru

Berihun

et al. 2020

BioMed Research International

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Background. Early initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) decreases human immunodeficiency virus- (HIV-) related complications, restores patients’ immunity, decreases viral load, and substantially improves quality of life. However, antiretroviral treatment failure considerably impedes the merits of HAART. Objective. This study is aimed at determining the prevalence of immunologic and clinical antiretroviral treatment failure. Methods. A cross-sectional study design using clinical and immunologic treatment failure definition was used to conduct the study. Sociodemographic characteristics and clinical features of patients were retrieved from patients’ medical registry between the years 2009 and 2015. All patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria in the study period were studied. Predictors of treatment failure were identified using Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariable Cox regression analysis. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21 software, and the level of statistical significance was declared at a p value < 0.05. Results. A total of 770 were studied. The prevalence of treatment failure was 4.5%. The AZT-based regimen (AHR=16.95, 95% CI: 3.02-95.1, p=0.001), baseline CD4 count≥301 (AHR=0.199, 95% CI: 0.05-0.76, p=0.018), and bedridden during HAART initiation (AHR=0.131, 95% CI: 0.029-0.596, p=0.009) were the predictors of treatment failure. Conclusion. The prevalence of treatment failure was lower with the risk being higher among patients on the AZT-based regimen. On the other hand, the risk of treatment failure was lower among patients who started HAART at baseline CD4 count≥301 and patients who were bedridden during HAART initiation. We recommend further prospective, multicenter cohort studies to be conducted to precisely detect the prevalence of treatment failure using viral load determination in the whole country.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunologic and Clinical Failure of Antiretroviral Therapy in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus within Two Years of Treatment

Asgedom

Maru

Berihun

et al. 2020

BioMed Research International

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“…ART has changed the HIV disease to a manageable chronic condition by suppressing the viral load, increase in CD4 count and partial restoration of the immune function. 1 Though the introduction of HAART has led to an increase in survival among HIVinfected patients, decreased HIV-associated morbidity and mortality, and improved quality of life among HIV patients, it is seen that a considerable proportion of patients fail to achieve a sustained virological response to therapy. 2 As ART uptake increases resistant viruses develop leading to treatment failure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of first line antiretroviral therapy failure and burden of second line antiretroviral therapy

Patrikar

Shankar

Kotwal

et al. 2017

Medical Journal Armed Forces India

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“…The advantage of this treatment has proven to be remarkable, prolonging the survival of HIV/AIDS patients by about 7-10 years compared to the results obtained from the use of a single drug [84]. Although this therapy has clearly contributed to improving the condition of infected people, recent studies showed that exposure to antiretroviral drugs may have marked side effects, regardless of HIV status [85]. Different plants and phytochemicals exerting activity against numerous viruses are presented in Table 1.…”

Section: Human Immunodeficiency Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytochemicals from Plant Foods as Potential Source of Antiviral Agents: An Overview

et al. 2021

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To date, the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide include viral infections, such as Ebola, influenza virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and recently COVID-19 disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Currently, we can count on a narrow range of antiviral drugs, especially older generation ones like ribavirin and interferon which are effective against viruses in vitro but can often be ineffective in patients. In addition to these, we have antiviral agents for the treatment of herpes virus, influenza virus, HIV and hepatitis virus. Recently, drugs used in the past especially against ebolavirus, such as remdesivir and favipiravir, have been considered for the treatment of COVID-19 disease. However, even if these drugs represent important tools against viral diseases, they are certainly not sufficient to defend us from the multitude of viruses present in the environment. This represents a huge problem, especially considering the unprecedented global threat due to the advancement of COVID-19, which represents a potential risk to the health and life of millions of people. The demand, therefore, for new and effective antiviral drugs is very high. This review focuses on three fundamental points: (1) presents the main threats to human health, reviewing the most widespread viral diseases in the world, thus describing the scenario caused by the disease in question each time and evaluating the specific therapeutic remedies currently available. (2) It comprehensively describes main phytochemical classes, in particular from plant foods, with proven antiviral activities, the viruses potentially treated with the described phytochemicals. (3) Consideration of the various applications of drug delivery systems in order to improve the bioavailability of these compounds or extracts. A PRISMA flow diagram was used for the inclusion of the works. Taking into consideration the recent dramatic events caused by COVID-19 pandemic, the cry of alarm that denounces critical need for new antiviral drugs is extremely strong. For these reasons, a continuous systematic exploration of plant foods and their phytochemicals is necessary for the development of new antiviral agents capable of saving lives and improving their well-being.

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Adverse Effects of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART)

Cited by 8 publications

References 63 publications

Immunologic and Clinical Failure of Antiretroviral Therapy in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus within Two Years of Treatment

Immunologic and Clinical Failure of Antiretroviral Therapy in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus within Two Years of Treatment

Predictors of first line antiretroviral therapy failure and burden of second line antiretroviral therapy

Phytochemicals from Plant Foods as Potential Source of Antiviral Agents: An Overview

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