AFFF spreading properties at elevated temperatures

Woodman, Alan L.; Richter, H. P.; Adicoff, Arnold; Gordon, Alvin S.

doi:10.1007/bf01998385

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…When S was greater than zero, the foam solution (above) could be spread on the fuel (below) surface. When S was less than or equal to zero, the foam aqueous solution (above) could not spread on the fuel (below) surface (Harkins & Feldman, 1922;He et al, 2019;Woodman et al, 1978).…”

Section: Measurement Of Spreading Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Study on aqueous film‐forming foam extinguishing agent based on fluorocarbon cationic–hydrocarbon anionic surfactants mixture system

Yang

Peng

Sha

et al. 2021

J Surfact & Detergents

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fluorocarbon surfactants were the main components of aqueous film-forming foam extinguishing agents (AFFF). Unfortunately, the widely used fluorocarbon surfactant perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was limited due to its toxicity, bioaccumulation and biodegradability. In this paper, an environmentally friendly quaternary ammonium cationic fluorocarbon surfactant with high surface activity and simple synthesis route was reported. The surface performance and aggregation behavior of the mixed solution of this fluorocarbon surfactant and sodium n-octyl sulfate were studied by means of surface tension meter and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results showed that the synergistic effect of sodium n-octyl sulfate and this fluorocarbon surfactant was significant, and many vesicles could be observed in the mixed solution with the concentration of 0.1 mol/L under TEM. Subsequently, three environmental friendly AFFF formulations (F-1, F-2, F-3) were designed with the mixture of the fluorocarbon surfactant, sodium n-octyl sulfate and lauryl betaine BS-12 as foaming agent. Through its foam performance test, it could be seen that F-3 showed relatively excellent foam performance. The initial foam height h 0 was 70 mm, the 25% drainage time was 315 s, the extinguishing time was 28 s, and the burn-back time was 720 s. This kind of fire extinguishing agent had the potential of fire protection application.

show abstract

Section: Measurement Of Spreading Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Study on aqueous film‐forming foam extinguishing agent based on fluorocarbon cationic–hydrocarbon anionic surfactants mixture system

Yang

Peng

Sha

et al. 2021

J Surfact & Detergents

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…And the occurrence of the spreading phenomenon depends on the spreading coe cient, which is calculated using Eq. ( 1) [14][15][16]. S = γ o -γ w -γ ow, (1) where S is the spreading coe cient,γ o is the surface tension of the lower liquid, γ w is the surface tension of the upper liquid, and γ ow is the interfacial tension between the two liquids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Theoretically, a liquid droplet with a high density can spread on another immiscible liquid surface with a low density. And the occurrence of the spreading phenomenon depends on the spreading coefficient, which is calculated using Equation () (Sheinson et al, 2002; Sheng, Jiang, Sun, et al, 2018; Woodman et al, 1978).

S = γ_{o} - γ_{w} - γ_{italicow},

where S is the spreading coefficient, γ o is the surface tension of the lower liquid, γ w is the surface tension of the upper liquid, and γ ow is the interfacial tension between the two liquids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Spreading behavior of firefighting foam solutions on typical liquid fuel surfaces

Sheng

et al. 2022

J Surfact & Detergents

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A series of experiments was performed to investigate the spreading behavior of re ghting foam solutions on liquid fuel surfaces. The spreading coe cients of six kinds of aqueous lm-forming foam solutions and one uorine-free foam solution on the surface of four liquid fuels, namely, cyclohexane, diesel, n-heptane, and ethanol, were calculated on the basis of surface and interfacial tension. Spreading behavior was studied systematically using a high-speed camera, and then the relationship between spreading behavior and spreading coe cient was analyzed. Furthermore, the spreading area and spreading rate of different foam solution droplets on liquid fuel surfaces were studied in depth. The spreading amount of the foam solution droplets on the liquid fuel surfaces was measured. Four typical spreading phenomena, namely, spreading, suspension, dissolution, and sinking, of AFFF solutions on liquid fuel surfaces were identi ed. Moreover, a positive spreading coe cient did not necessarily lead to the formation of an aqueous lm. The spreading area, spreading rate, and spreading amount were not proportional to the spreading coe cient. During the evaluation of the spreading property of re ghting foam, the spreading coe cient, spreading rate, and spreading amount must be focused on instead of only the spreading coe cient.

show abstract

“…And the occurrence of the spreading phenomenon depends on the spreading coe cient, which is calculated using Eq. (1) [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spreading behavior of firefighting foam solutions on typical liquid fuel surfaces

Sheng

2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A series of experiments was performed to investigate the spreading behavior of firefighting foam solutions on liquid fuel surfaces. The spreading coefficients of six kinds of aqueous film-forming foam solutions and one fluorine-free foam solution on the surface of four liquid fuels, namely, cyclohexane, diesel, n-heptane, and ethanol, were calculated on the basis of surface and interfacial tension. Spreading behavior was studied systematically using a high-speed camera, and then the relationship between spreading behavior and spreading coefficient was analyzed. Furthermore, the spreading area and spreading rate of different foam solution droplets on liquid fuel surfaces were studied in depth. The spreading amount of the foam solution droplets on the liquid fuel surfaces was measured. Four typical spreading phenomena, namely, spreading, suspension, dissolution, and sinking, of AFFF solutions on liquid fuel surfaces were identified. Moreover, a positive spreading coefficient did not necessarily lead to the formation of an aqueous film. The spreading area, spreading rate, and spreading amount were not proportional to the spreading coefficient. During the evaluation of the spreading property of firefighting foam, the spreading coefficient, spreading rate, and spreading amount must be focused on instead of only the spreading coefficient.

show abstract

AFFF spreading properties at elevated temperatures

Cited by 16 publications

References 2 publications

Study on aqueous film‐forming foam extinguishing agent based on fluorocarbon cationic–hydrocarbon anionic surfactants mixture system

Study on aqueous film‐forming foam extinguishing agent based on fluorocarbon cationic–hydrocarbon anionic surfactants mixture system

Spreading behavior of firefighting foam solutions on typical liquid fuel surfaces

Spreading behavior of firefighting foam solutions on typical liquid fuel surfaces

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About