African swine fever virus – persistence in different environmental conditions and the possibility of its indirect transmission

Mazur-Panasiuk, Natalia; Żmudzki, J.; Woźniakowski, Grzegorz

doi:10.2478/jvetres-2019-0058

Cited by 154 publications

(149 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…All sampled carcasses were buried for at least one summer period, and in case of advanced decomposition status at time of burial ( Figure 2) it can be assumed that the exposure to outdoor conditions was even longer. ASFV is known to be heat sensitive (Plowright & Parker, 1967) and inactivated at 37°C after around 20 days (Mazur-Panasiuk, Zmudzki, & Wozniakowski, 2019). Therefore, taking into consideration the additional temperature increase of the carcass during decomposition (above 32°C at an outer temperature of 23°C) it does not seem unlikely that the virus has been inactivated effectively during the decomposition process (Johnson, Mikac, & Wallman, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

African swine fever virus survival in buried wild boar carcasses

Zani

Masiulis

Bušauskas³

et al. 2020

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Since the first introduction of African swine fever (ASF) into the European wild boar population in 1957, the question of virus survival in carcasses of animals that succumbed to the disease has been discussed. The causative African swine fever virus (ASFV) is known to be very stable in the environment. Thus, carcasses of infected wild boar could play a major role as ASFV reservoir and thereby help to locally maintain and spread the disease in wild boar populations. To minimize this risk, removal of wild boar carcasses in ASF affected areas is regarded to be crucial for effective disease control. If removal is not feasible, carcasses are usually disposed by burial on the spot to avoid direct contact of wild boar to the infection source. In this study, carcasses of ASFV infected wild boar buried in Lithuania at different time points and locations have been excavated and retested for the presence of infectious ASFV by in vitro assays and for viral genome by qPCR. Soil samples potentially contaminated by body fluids have been additionally tested for viral genome. In seventeen out of twenty burial sites, samples of excavated carcasses were positive for ASFV genome. However, in none of the carcass samples ASFV could be isolated. On seven sites soil samples contained ASF viral DNA. These results unexpectedly negate the long‐term persistence of infectious ASFV in wild boar carcasses independent from the burial time. In this context, sensitivity of ASFV isolation from carcass samples versus susceptibility of animals and doses needed for oral inoculation has to be further investigated. Furthermore, research is required to consider alternative ASF infection sources and drivers in the infection cycle among wild boar.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

African swine fever virus survival in buried wild boar carcasses

Zani

Masiulis

Bušauskas³

et al. 2020

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…One of the most important steps when performing "feed and water biosecurity" is disinfection, and it may reduce or inhibit the risk of the ASFV contamination in the environment or other pathogens [31]. Recent report demonstrated that the ASFV could be directly transmitted to contract pigs by contaminated fomites, drinking water, facilitate pig industry [12], excretions [13], and carriers [14]. The minimum infectious doses of ASFV for water via the oronasal route was estimated to be 10 0 TCID 50 , respectively, suggesting that the small amount of infective material could lead to ASFV transmission to the healthy pig industry [11].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recent results demonstrated that ASFV could be easily transmitted orally through natural consumption of both liquid and feed, indicating the important role of feed in the emergence of ASFV outbreak in new pig populations throughout the world [11,12]. Disinfection and the proper use of disinfectants of pathogenic in feed and water are a basic and the most important role in the aspect of biosecurity and based on decreasing the percentage of pathogenic micro-organisms in the feed [10,13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ideal of "feed and water biosecurity" should be characterized by non-toxicity, fast action, durability, resistance to in uence from the environment, and more importantly, it should have the widest possible spectrum of biocidal activity, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The incorrect de nition of activity parameters such as concentration, contact time, and range may lead to the improper use of disinfectant products, whereby no effectiveness is achieved [11][12][13][14]. There are several substances or chemical compounds generally accepted as inactivating enveloped viruses, including the ASFV and the only studies on the use of disinfectants against the ASFV concerning tests on various surfaces, as revealed [15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The potential anti- African Swine Fever Virus effects of medium chain fatty acids on in vitro pig feed and water models

Tran¹,

Truong²,

Ly³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background African swine fever (ASF) is an important disease affecting swine and has a significant economic loss on both the developed and developing world but due to the lack of vaccines, drug, and effective control measures, ASF virus remains a serious threat to global pork production. The activities of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) against viral pathogens have been reported previously. However, the effects of this family on ASFV have been not yet investigated. In this study, we evaluated the potential effects of MCFAs in individual and synergistic forms, to prevent and/or reduce ASFV infection using in vitro feed and water models. Results The potential effects of MCFAs, including C8, C6-C8-C10 (1:1:1 ratio) and C8-C10-C12 (1:1:1 ratio) against a field ASFV strain isolated in Red River Delta region of Vietnam were further examined by real-time PCR in in vitro feed and water models. All tested products have shown a strong antiviral effect against ASFV infectivity at doses of 0.375% and 0.5% in both feed and water assays. Interestingly, the synergistic MCFAs have shown clearly their potential activities against ASFV in which at lower dose of 0.25%, pre-treatment with product 2 and 3 induced significant increases at the level of Cq value when compared to positive control and/or product 1 (P < 0.05). Conclusions To our knowledge, it is the first report on in vitro examination of the anti-ASFV activities of the MCFAs. Our findings suggested that all tested products, both individual and synergistic forms of MCFAs, have possessed a strong anti-ASFV effect and this effect is dose- dependence in in vitro feed and water models. Additionally, synergistic effects of MCFAs are more effective against ASFV when compared to individual form. The further studies focusing on in vivo anti-ASFV effects of MCFAs are very important to bring new insight into the mode of ASFV-reduced action by these compounds in swine feed and water consumption.

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“…Veterinary officials argue, however, that many of the current backyard facilities are hard or impossible to clean or disinfect, especially due to climatic conditions, and thus require a prolonged restocking period. Some research indeed suggests that the virus's stability in feces depends largely on the temperature and can extend beyond the suggested duration [9,10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

African Swine Fever in Mongolia: Course of the Epidemic and Applied Control Measures

Heilmann

Lkhagvasuren

Adyasuren³

et al. 2020

Veterinary Sciences

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African swine fever (ASF) is spreading rapidly in Asia and was confirmed in Mongolia on 10 January 2019. Following the outbreak confirmation, a state emergency committee was established with representation from municipal authorities and other relevant authorities including the General Authority for Veterinary Services, National Emergency Management Agency, General Agency for Specialized Inspection, and the Ministry of Environment and Tourism. The committee provided recommendations and coordinated closely with the State Central Veterinary Laboratory to ensure quick outbreak investigation and response. In addition to outbreak investigations, sampling took place at farms and food premises and suggests a link between the outbreaks and swill feeding practices among backyard pig farmers. Upon government request, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) deployed an expert team to assist in identifying risk factors for the disease spread and provide recommendations as how to improve disease prevention and response. Following the control measures from the involved agencies, the epidemic was successfully controlled and declared over on 11 April 2019. In total, the epidemic affected 83 pig farming households and led to a total of 2862 dead or culled pigs in eleven districts of seven provinces in Mongolia.

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African swine fever virus – persistence in different environmental conditions and the possibility of its indirect transmission

Cited by 154 publications

References 47 publications

African swine fever virus survival in buried wild boar carcasses

African swine fever virus survival in buried wild boar carcasses

The potential anti- African Swine Fever Virus effects of medium chain fatty acids on in vitro pig feed and water models

African Swine Fever in Mongolia: Course of the Epidemic and Applied Control Measures

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