Age-Dependent Performance on Pro-point and Anti-point Tasks

Abstract

Changes in prefrontal cortex are thought to be responsible for many of the characteristic behavioral changes that are seen during adolescence and late adulthood. Disruption of prefrontal cortex is an early sign for many developmental, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Goal directed eye movements, such as Anti-saccades, have been shown to have high sensitivity as a gross assessment of prefrontal lobe function. Previous studies on the developmental changes of saccades across age have shown that stimulus-driven and goal-directed eye movements follow a U-shaped trend with peaks in performance occuring during adolescence. Using novel tablet-based pointing tasks, modeled on eye movement tests, this study aims to provide a preliminary understanding of how age affects manual pointing performance, in order to more easily track behavioral changes of the prefrontal cortex. In this study, 82 participants between the ages of 10 and 63 were recruited to participate. Results show that similarly to saccades, manual pointing responses are age dependent with fastest response times found during late adolescence to early adulthood (U-shaped curves). Importantly, we also demonstrated significant differences in the effect of age in stimulus-driven (Pro-point) and goal-directed (Anti-point) pointing tasks. The effect of age on response time (RT) is greater on Anti-point compared to Pro-point task (with a 79 ms greater mean decrease during early development and a 148 ms greater mean increase during later aging). Further, for Pro-point task, the U-shaped curve flattens at about 45 years whereas for Anti-point task the U-shaped curve continues up to the maximum age tested (about 60 years). This dissociation between age-related changes in sensorimotor and cognitive performance suggests independent development of associated brain circuity. Thus, changes of performance in disease that are specific for age and task may be able to help identify brain circuitry involved. Finally, given that these tablet-based pointing tasks show similar age-related patterns reported previously with eye-tracking technology, our findings suggest that such tablet-based tasks may provide an inexpensive, quick, and more practical way of detecting neurological deficits or tracking cognitive changes.

Quantifying the Magnitude and Longevity of the Effect of Repetitive Head Impacts in Adolescent Soccer Players: Deleterious Effect of Long Headers Extend Beyond a Month

“…The study also chose a relatively limited duration (a single season), in part because of the known rapid developmental changes occurring in adolescence. 34 However, for long headers, the half-life for the anti-point task appeared to extend beyond the period studied and thus limited our ability to observe an attenuation of the effect of long headers and estimate their true half-life. Future work should explore designs with longer durations.…”

“…In addition to these main parameters of interest, the model also estimates the effect of additional time-related factors of testing, including control for the number of previous sessions (to control for practice effects), days since the first session (to control for developmental changes 34 ), days since the previous session (to control for any carryover effects), and age of the athletes. Model description and a detailed explanation of the construction of covariates and parameters are provided in Supplementary Appendix A .…”

Relationship between carotid intima‐media thickness (cIMT) and dual‐system imbalance in tobacco dependence: An rs‐fMRI research

“…Furthermore, studies on healthy aging humans have shown that aging affects controlled and conscious processing that impairs goal‐directed ability (de Wit et al., 2014 ; Span et al., 2004 ; Tomás et al., 2016 ; Worthy et al., 2011 ). Elijah used novel tablet‐based pointing tasks to prove the greater effect of age on response time in goal‐directed tasks compared with that in habitual tasks (Li et al., 2018 ). However, aging and atherosclerosis studies showed that atherosclerosis is a marker of cellular senescence (Wang & Bennett, 2012 ).…”