Age Determination of Raccoons

Grau, Gerald A.; Sanderson, Glen C.; Rogers, John P.

doi:10.2307/3799023

Cited by 159 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…207.5, Tomahawk Live Trap Co., Tomahawk, WI, USA) were baited with mackerel and checked daily. Raccoons were immobilized with an injection of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine [38], marked with metal ear tags, weighed, sexed, measured and aged into one of five age classes based on the tooth wear patterns described by Grau et al [39] as amended by Monello & Gompper [32]: kits ¼ 0-5 m; I ¼ 6 -14 m; II ¼ 15-38 m; III ¼ 39-57 m; and IV ¼ over 58 m. Because kits represented only a small portion of the total sampled population, these individuals were lumped with age class I individuals. A blood sample was collected from each individual via femoral venipuncture.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variability and viral seroconversion in an outcrossing vertebrate population

2010

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Inverse correlations between genetic variability and parasitism are important concerns for conservation biologists. We examined correlations between neutral genetic variability and the presence of antibodies to canine distemper virus (CDV) and feline parvovirus (FPV) in a free-ranging population of raccoons. Over 3 years there was a strong relationship between age and seroprevalence rates. Most young animals were seronegative to CDV and FPV, but the oldest age class was greater than 80 per cent seropositive to both viruses. CDV-seropositive animals had greater heterozygosity and lower measures of inbreeding compared with CDV-seronegative animals. This relationship was strongest among the youngest animals and did not occur during a 1 year CDV epidemic. In contrast, FPV-seropositive animals only had significantly lower measures of inbreeding in 1 year, perhaps because FPV-associated mortality is relatively low or primarily occurs among very young individuals that were under-represented in our sampling. These results suggest that even in large outcrossing populations, animals with lower heterozygosity and higher measures of inbreeding are less likely to successfully mount an immune response when challenged by highly pathogenic parasites.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variability and viral seroconversion in an outcrossing vertebrate population

2010

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“…Animals became adults the second spring after their birth (Ͼ24 mo). A first premolar was extracted from yearling and adult raccoons and submitted to Matson's Laboratory (Milltown, Montana, USA) where the cementum annuli were used to confirm field age (Grau et al, 1970).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serologic Survey for Selected Infectious Disease Agents in Raccoons From Illinois

Mitchell

Hungerford

Nixon

et al. 1999

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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The determination of serologic titers to infectious organisms is a valuable tool for quantitating exposure to disease organisms. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) were live-trapped from September 1989 to October 1993 and samples collected from two distinct locations in west-central Illinois (USA); a state recreational facility (Park) and privately owned farming property (Farm). Sera were submitted for testing Leptospira interrogans (serovars bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohemmorhagiae, and pomona), canine distemper virus (CDV), pseudorabies virus (PV), and Toxoplasma gondii. Two-hundred and twenty-two (48%) of 459 raccoons were seropositive for L. interrogans. Eighty-five (23%) out of 368 raccoons were seropositive for canine distemper virus. Eighty-two (17%) of 479 raccoons raccoons were seropositive for pseudorabies virus. One hundred and eighty-four (49%) of 379 raccoons were seropositive for T. gondii. A significant difference (P Ͻ 0.05) in seroprevalence for L. interrogans between the park (43%) and farm (52%) areas was found. A correlation between increasing age and seroprevalence was found for L. interrogans, CDV, PV, and T. gondii,. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in seroprevalence for T. gondii during the spring trapping seasons (73%), when compared with the fall (33%). This type of information on exposure to infectious agents is important for developing control programs to manage raccoon-human and raccoon-domestic animals interactions.

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“…To maximize capture rates, we placed traps along logs, water edges and travel routes. Raccoons were immobilized with 0.2 ml of Telazol R , (Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, Iowa) weighed, measured, sexed and aged by tooth wear (Grau et al 1970). We marked all captured raccoons with Monel # 4 ear tags (National Band and Tag Company, Newport, Kentucky) and adult raccoons were fitted with a radiocollar (Advanced Telemetry Systems, Isanti, Minnesota).…”

Section: Raccoon Capturementioning

confidence: 99%

Raccoon use of the urban matrix in the Baltimore Metropolitan Area, Maryland

et al. 2011

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The raccoon is often considered a synanthropic species; however, most urban research on this species has been restricted to urban parks or green spaces. Little is known about the persistence of synanthropic characteristics in the raccoon within the urban matrix. We examined density, den selection, home range size, habitat selection, and survival for adult raccoons (Procyon lotor) during summer (June-August) and autumn (September-November) in two residential neighborhoods, Linthicum located inland, and Riviera Beach on a peninsula in the Potomac river, in Southern Maryland. Den site selection varied by gender (P=0.0002) and study site (P=0.052), and study site interacted with gender (P=0.0063), with female raccoons denning preferentially on the ground and male raccoons in human structures in Riviera Beach while in Linthicum females denned preferentially in trees and males avoided human structures. Seasonal home range size was larger for males (P<0.0001) than females at both sites. Habitat selection varied at different hierarchical levels, and between gender, season and site. Intersite differences in habitat selection were apparent at the second order and third order scale. Aquatic and urban habitat was ranked high and woodland consistently lowest in second order scale at Riviera Beach while urban habitat was consistently ranked lowest at Linthicum where woodland ranked highest. Between the hierarchal scales (2nd and 3rd order) a difference in habitat selection occurred at Linthicum only where urban habitats ranked lowest at 3rd order. The differences in patterns of habitat selection we observed between two urban sites at different hierarchical scales suggest that resource selection is dependent upon the specific characteristics of the site and that raccoons exhibit variable responses to changes in landscape features. Finally, male survival tended to be lower (P=0.079) than female survival in both study sites. Our results reveal that raccoons can continue to exhibit synanthropic characteristics within the urban matrix even in areas with little natural habitat. This ability to adjust to different levels of development allows the raccoon to occur throughout most parts of the urban landscape, which has important management implications for human-raccoon conflicts and disease management.Urban Ecosyst (2012) 15:667-682 DOI 10.1007/s11252-011-0218-

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Age Determination of Raccoons

Cited by 159 publications

References 13 publications

Genetic variability and viral seroconversion in an outcrossing vertebrate population

Genetic variability and viral seroconversion in an outcrossing vertebrate population

Serologic Survey for Selected Infectious Disease Agents in Raccoons From Illinois

Raccoon use of the urban matrix in the Baltimore Metropolitan Area, Maryland

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