Age Differences in Wechsler Memory Scale Scores

Hulicka, Irene M.

doi:10.1080/00221325.1966.10533690

Cited by 103 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Consistent with previous findings (e.g., Hulicka, 1966;Spreen & Strauss, 1991;Wechsler, 1987), age correlated significantly with five of the eight VR measures, with decreased scores being associated with increased age. Age was only minimally differentially affected by the two scoring systems.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Visual reproduction subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised: Analysis of construct validity

et al. 1998

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This study assessed the construct validity of Visual Reproduction (VR) Cards A (Flags) and B (Boxes) from the original Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) compared to Flags and Boxes from the revised edition of the WMS (WMS-R). Independent raters scored Flags and Boxes using both the original and revised scoring criteria and correlations were obtained with age, education, IQ, and four separate criterion memory measures. Results show that for Flags, there is a tendency for the revised scoring criteria to produce improved construct validity. For Boxes, however, there was a trend in the opposite direction, with the revised scoring criteria demonstrating worse construct validity. Factor analysis suggests that Flags are a more distinct measure of visual memory, whereas Boxes are more complex and significantly associated with conceptual reasoning abilities. Using the revised scoring criteria, Boxes were found to be more strongly related to IQ than Flags. This difference was not found using the original scoring criteria.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Visual reproduction subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised: Analysis of construct validity

et al. 1998

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“…These subjects were 60-83 years of age and all were free of significant psychiatric illness determined by DSM-III-R criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1987) based on psychiatric interview, Hamilton Anxiety scores (HAM-A), and Hamilton Depression scores (HAM-D). At screening, it was determined that all subjects attained a memory quotient (Wechsler, 1945) score not less than 1 SD below agecorrected scores (Hulicka, 1966) and a vocabulary agecorrected scaled score greater than 7 (Wechsler, 1981). All subjects were free of significant medical illness determined by physical examination, EKG, and routine laboratory investigation.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interdose Elevation in Plasma Cortisol During Chronic Treatment with Alprazolam but not Lorazepam in the Elderly

Pomara

Willoughby

Ritchie

et al. 2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Benzodiazepines (BZPs) have been shown to reduce hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity acutely in normal humans. In contrast, the effects of chronic BZP treatment on the HPA axis have not been well studied, especially in the geriatric population. This study examined the acute and chronic effects (3 weeks) of alprazolam and lorazepam on plasma cortisol in 68 subjects (60-83 years) who received 0.25 or 0.50 mg b.i.d. alprazolam, or 0.50 or 1.0 mg b.i.d. lorazepam, or placebo orally according to a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled parallel design. Memory assessment and blood samples for plasma cortisol were obtained prior to the morning dose on days 0, 7, 14, and 21, and at 1, 2.5, and 5 h postdrug on days 0 and 21. Assessments of anxiety and depression were carried out at days 0, 7, 14, and 21 before drug administration. Plasma cortisol was affected compared to placebo only by the 0.5 mg alprazolam dose. During the first and the last day of treatment, there was a significant drop in cortisol at 2.5 h after alprazolam compared to placebo. The predose cortisol levels increased significantly during chronic alprazolam treatment, and correlations were found between these cortisol changes and changes in depression, anxiety, and memory scores. These findings suggest that even a short period of chronic treatment with alprazolam, but not lorazepam, may result in interdose HPA axis activation in the elderly, consistent with drug withdrawal. If confirmed, this effect may contribute to an increased risk for drug escalation and dependence during chronic alprazolam treatment.

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“…26,23 Two of the original three tests of subset III were used; simple conceptual tracking (counting by threes from 1 to 40) and counting backwards from 20 to 1. Normative data (for all three tests) are available 27 based on number of errors and time to completion (iii) Brief Word Learning (BWL) tests 28 : Task A: no. of repeats before subject can say seven unrelated familiar words (normative recall scores (¼5) for lists beyond five words with no significant differences for 4-7 words in various age groups) 29 ; Task B: no.…”

Section: Translationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Normative data available only for the combined three parts of WMS (max ¼ 9) ranges from 6.75 AE 1.92 to 6.61 AE 1.9 based on similar years of and age). 27 BWL tests. Significant intergroup differences were seen (P ¼ 0.05) for Task A, with Group 1 needing less repeats than Group 3.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is mercury in Tibetan Medicine toxic? Clinical, neurocognitive and biochemical results of an initial cross-sectional study

Sallon

Dory

Barghouthy

et al. 2016

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Mercury an important therapeutic substance in Tibetan Medicine undergoes complex ''detoxification'' prior to inclusion in multiingredient formulas. In an initial cross-sectional study, patients taking Tibetan Medicine for various conditions were evaluated for mercury toxicity. Two groups were identified: Group 1, patients taking ''Tsothel'' the most important detoxified mercury preparation and Group 2, patients taking other mercury preparations or mercury free Tibetan Medicine. Atomic fluorescence spectrometry of Tibetan Medicine showed mercury consumption 130 mg/kg/day (Group 1) and 30 mg/kg/day (Group 2) (P 0.001), levels above EPA (RfDs) suggested threshold (0.3 mg/kg /day) for oral chronic exposure. Mean duration of Tibetan Medicine treatment was 9 AE 17 months (range 3-116) (Group 1) and 5 AE 1.96 months (range 1-114) (Group 2) (NS) with cumulative days of mercury containing Tibetan Medicine, 764 days AE 1214 (range 135-7330) vs. 103 days AE 111 (range 0-426), respectively (P 0.001). Comparison of treatment groups with healthy referents (Group 3) not taking Tibetan Medicine showed no significant differences in prevalence of 23 non-specific symptoms of mercury toxicity, abnormal neurological, cardiovascular and dental findings and no correlation with mercury exposure variables; consumption, cumulative treatment days, blood/ urine Hg. Liver and renal function tests in treatment groups were not significantly increased compared to referents, with mean urine Beta 2 Microglobulin within the normal range and not significantly associated with Hg exposure variables after correcting for confounding variables. Neurocognitive testing showed no significant intergroup differences for Wechsler Memory Scale, Grooved Pegboard, Visual Retention, but Group1 scores were better for Mini-Mental, Brief Word Learning, Verbal Fluency after correcting for confounding variables. These results suggest mercury containing Tibetan Medicine does not have appreciable adverse effects and may exert a possible beneficial effect on neurocognitive function. Since evidence of mercury as a toxic heavy metal, however, is well known, further analysis of literature on mercury use in other Asian traditional systems is highly suggested prior to further studies.

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Age Differences in Wechsler Memory Scale Scores

Cited by 103 publications

References 8 publications

Visual reproduction subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised: Analysis of construct validity

Visual reproduction subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised: Analysis of construct validity

Interdose Elevation in Plasma Cortisol During Chronic Treatment with Alprazolam but not Lorazepam in the Elderly

Is mercury in Tibetan Medicine toxic? Clinical, neurocognitive and biochemical results of an initial cross-sectional study

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