Aggregation of poliovirus and reovirus by dilution in water

Floyd, Roger; Sharp, D. G.

doi:10.1128/aem.33.1.159-167.1977

Cited by 86 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In addition, the infectivity ratios of different viruses are believed to be different. For instance, 1 pfu of bacteriophage f2 is thought to represent one phage particle [1], whereas 1 pfu of poliovirus may be anything up to 1000 particles [5]. The implication of these facts is that what is experimentally shown as a more resistant virus may not be actually more resistant, but its assay method may not be sensitive enough to detect every infectious particle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The behavior of viruses on disinfection by chlorine dioxide and other disinfectants in effluent

Harakeh¹

1987

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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A comparative study on the efficacy of chlorine dioxide, chlorine, ozone and peracetic acid in inactivating viruses was carried out against 6 viruses in a municipal sewage effluent. The viruses selected were bacteriophage f2 and poliovirus 1, which have been commonly used; also echovirus 1 and coxsackievirus B5 to extend the range of enteroviruses; and simian rotavirus (SA11) and human rotavirus, the latter being one of the most important enteric viral pathogens present in waste water. The results indicated a wide range in the response of these viruses to chlorine dioxide. Of the 3 enteroviruses tested, coxsackievirus B5 was the most resistant, with a dose of 17.25 ppm required for 99.99% inactivation in 5 min. In the case of the 2 rotaviruses tested, human rotavirus was distinctly more resistant than SA11. On the other hand, the other viruses tested responded differently to the other disinfectants. The most resistant virus on nearly all occasions under selected conditions was the human rotavirus; the least resistant virus was SA11. The enteroviruses, with phage, were somewhat similar in their response, although coxsackievirus B5 was usually the most resistant.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The behavior of viruses on disinfection by chlorine dioxide and other disinfectants in effluent

Harakeh¹

1987

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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“…The effect of pH on aggregation is based on the isoelectric point of the virus. Generally, pH values below the isoelectric point result in aggregation, while pH values above generally do not (Floyd and Sharp 1977;van Voorthuizen et al 2001). The isoelectric point of MS2 bacteriophage is 3AE9 (van Voorthuizen et al 2001), and the pH of the impinger liquid was close to neutral.…”

Section: Reaerosolization With Ms2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Virus concentration in an aqueous solution contributes to the level of aggregation. Aggregation occurred when Floyd and Sharp (1977) prepared reovirus and poliovirus suspensions with 1 : 10 dilutions in DI water from stock solutions of 7 · 10 11 and 2 · 10 12 particles per ml, respectively, as physically counted by electron microscopy. Any further dilution (1 : 100 or 1 : 1000) resulted in dispersed viruses.…”

Section: Reaerosolization With Ms2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Literature suggests that an increase in salt concentration can significantly decrease aggregation. Floyd and Sharp (1977) found that the level of ionic strength required for their version of PBS to prevent aggregation was c. 10 mmol l )1 for poliovirus. They concluded that aggregation could occur even with appreciable salts present.…”

Section: Reaerosolization With Ms2mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of reaerosolization from impingers in an effort to improve airborne virus sampling

Riemenschneider

Woo

et al. 2010

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aims: To assess the impact of reaerosolization from liquid impingement methods on airborne virus sampling. Methods and Results: An AGI‐30 impinger containing particles [MS2 bacteriophage or 30‐nm polystyrene latex (PSL)] of known concentration was operated with sterile air. Reaerosolized particles as a function of sampling flow rate and particle concentration in the impinger collection liquid were characterized using a scanning mobility particle sizer. Reaerosolization from the impinger was also compared to that from a BioSampler. Results show that reaerosolization increases as flow rate increases. While the increased particle concentration in the impinger collection liquid leads to an increase in the reaerosolization of PSL particles, it does not necessarily lead to an increase in the reaerosolization of virus particles. Reaerosolization of virus particles begins to decrease as the particle concentration in the impinger collection liquid rises above 106 PFU ml−1. This phenomenon results from aggregation of viral particles at high concentrations. Compared with micron‐sized particles, nanosized virus particles are easier to aerosolize because of reduced inertia. Reaerosolization from the BioSampler is demonstrated to be significantly less than that from the impinger. Conclusions: Reaerosolization from impingement sampling methods is a mode of loss in airborne virus sampling, although it is not as significant a limitation as the primary particle size of the aerosol. Utilizing a BioSampler coupled with short sampling periods to prevent high accumulative concentrations can minimize the impact of reaerosolization. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study confirms reaerosolization of virus particles to be a mode of loss in impingement sampling and identifies methods to minimize the loss.

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“…However, a change in the protein coat of MS2 bacteriophage may have occurred at the low storage temperature over time. This explanation was suggested by Floyd and Sharp (1977) to explain the loss of aggregation property in reovirus stored at 4 and 6°C for 2 weeks. Another explanation could be the loss of viability of weaker virions during storage, leaving an increased proportion of the more resistant among them for tests conducted at later dates.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

The Effect of Storage and Lag Time on MS2 Bacteriophage Susceptibility to Ultraviolet Radiation

Jolis

2002

Water Environment Research

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The susceptibility of MS2 bacteriophage suspensions to UV radiation was assessed using a collimated beam technique. Storage of MS2 bacteriophage cultures at 4°C resulted in a decrease in phage susceptibility to UV radiation over time. After 18 days, the level of MS2 bacteriophage inactivation achieved for the range of UV doses tested decreased by 0.7 to 1.1 logs, but remained constant after that point. Changes in the protein coat of the bacteriophage, a decrease in viability over time, and an increase in coagulation may have played a role in the observed susceptibility decrease. A 2-hour lag time between the preparation of the MS2 suspension and the irradiation test also resulted in a decrease in phage susceptibility. Water Environ. Res., 74, 516 (2002). IntroductionThe MS2 bacteriophage is a single-stranded RNA (1.2 ϫ 10 6 Dalton) coliphage belonging to the Leviviridae family (IAWPRC, 1991), with a 24-nm naked icosaedral capsid. Thus, MS2 bacteriophage inactivation by UV radiation should follow first-order kinetics. That is, in a batch reactor the natural logarithm of the ratio of MS2 bacteriophage concentration after irradiation (N fin , plaque forming unit [PFU]/L) to the concentration before irradiation (N in , PFU/L) should be linear with the applied UV dose (D, J/m 2 ) as follows:

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Aggregation of poliovirus and reovirus by dilution in water

Cited by 86 publications

References 16 publications

The behavior of viruses on disinfection by chlorine dioxide and other disinfectants in effluent

The behavior of viruses on disinfection by chlorine dioxide and other disinfectants in effluent

Characterization of reaerosolization from impingers in an effort to improve airborne virus sampling

The Effect of Storage and Lag Time on MS2 Bacteriophage Susceptibility to Ultraviolet Radiation

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