Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle seed oil: chromatographic characterization by GC-FID and HS-SPME-GC-MS, physicochemical parameters, and pharmacological bioactivities

Abstract

This study aimed to identify the physicochemical parameters, oxidative stability and total phenolic compounds (TPC) of Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle seed oil were evaluated.The oil was characterized regarding the fatty acids profile by GC-FID and for its volatile compounds by HS-SPME-GC-MS. Several target bioactivities were tested, such as in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity, alongside to in vivo tests on mice for analgesic activity through the acetic acid writhing and for anti-inflammatory proprieties using the carrageenaninduced paw edema assay in rats. As results, 17.32% of oil was yielded, allowing to characterize a saponification number of 192.6 mg KOH•g-1 of oil, a peroxide value of 9.4 meq O 2 •kg-1 of oil, a K 232 of 4.04, a K 270 of 1.24 and a phosphorus content of 126.2 ppm. The main fatty acids identified were palmitic (3.06%), stearic (1.56%), oleic (38.35%), and linoleic (55.76%) acids, whilst, the main aroma compounds were carbonyl derivatives. Thus, the oil revealed an important antioxidant activity through the DPPH assay (IC 50 = 24.57 µg/mL) and a moderate bacterial growth inhibition of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; furthermore, an interesting analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of the seed oil at 1 g/kg was exhibited. Although the levels of unsaturated fatty acids (95.37%) and TPC (1.067 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g oil) are remarkable, the seed oil may be suggested for its beneficial effects as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents.

Extraction of essential oils from Kumquat peel using ultrasound‐assisted vacuum hydrodistillation

“…From the result, Kumquat peel EO possesses certain ability of scavenging these three kinds of radicals. This is attributed to the unsaturated fatty acids and lipids include d‐limonene and myrcene contained in Kumquat peel are unsaturated compound with multiple double bonds, they possess strong capacity of hydrogen supplying and antioxidant (Ayeb‐Zakhama et al, 2019). It is noteworthy that EO extracted by UAVE had the strongest capacity to scavenge DPPH free radicals (Figure 3a) and hydroxyl radical (Figure 3c), and HDE showed the weakest.…”

Insights into the Bioactivities and Chemical Analysis of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle

“…Recently, research was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical parameters and pharmacological bioactivity of A. altissima seed oil. El Ayeb-Zakhama et al [52] were able to show that the seed oil presents antioxidant activity. The DPPH assay determined that the IC 50 was 24.57 µg/mL, although the concentration of polyphenols was considered low (1.067 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g oil).…”

“…El Ayeb-Zakhama et al [52] reported that A. altissima seed oil could induce antiinflammatory effects on edema (in vivo experiment), by reducing it more than 60% after 3 h, via the administration of doses of 0.2 and 1 g/kg. The same study also demonstrates the analgesic capacity of the oil due to its complex composition.…”

“…Over the last years several extraction techniques associated with different analytical methods have been reported for the chemical characterisation of A. altissima. For this purpose, it is crucial to consider that this type of plant possesses a complex and high number of compounds among which there are several fatty acids, volatile compounds, antioxidants, and alkaloids, among others [50,52,72]. These compounds were studied to check if they had any biological activity; this could help understand mechanisms of action, develop pharmacological formulations, and apply them to different research fields.…”

“…In a study carried out by El Ayeb-Zakhama et al [52], compounds were extracted from the seeds in a powder format using a Soxhlet apparatus. The authors used hexane (400 mL) as a solvent and the extraction time was 8 h, after which the solvent was evaporated using a rotary evaporator set at 40 • C. The collected oil was analysed by (1) gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) and (2) gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry with headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME-GC/MS).…”