Air Pollution by the Exhaust Emissions from Construction Machinery under Actual Operating Conditions

Abstract

The paper discusses the problem of exhaust emissions from non-road vehicles. In many cities there are low emission zones for vehicles. Unfortunately non-road engines are excluded from this restriction e.g. construction machinery operates on construction sites, including those located in the said zones. Therefore, the paper presents the results of the exhaust emission tests from an excavator under actual operating conditions. For the tests the authors used a portable exhaust emissions analyzer SEMTECH DS by Sensors for the measurement of gaseous exhaust emissions and SEMTECH LAM for the measurement of the emission of Particulate Matter. The analyzers provide an on-line measurement of the concentrations of the exhaust components under actual operating conditions. The tests performed under actual traffic conditions provide invaluable information regarding the emission during actual operating conditions. In the paper the authors analyzed the relations between the engine operating parameters, vehicle parameters, road conditions (traffic congestion) and the exhaust emissions. The authors, despite differences in the methodology, also presented a comparison of the obtained results with the currently applicable exhaust emission limits in order to draw attention to this issue in urban areas.

Tests of ecological indicators of two-way vehicles meeting Stage IIIB and Stage IV standards in real operating conditions

“…Beata Kurc Politechnika Poznańska conditions of actual engine operation, but they are far from the actual parameters of their use. As proven in many scientific papers [6,7] the carried out cycles are definitely different from the real operating conditions. Therefore, it is not possible to make the accurate analysis of their actual impact on the environment and human health.…”

“…The NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery) group includes a number of machines characterized by the different construction and purpose (from combustion saws to shunting locomotives). As proven in papers [6,7,11,12] for obtaining the reliable ecological indicators of the specific machines and vehicles, it is necessary to carry out the tests in the real operating conditions. It allows to determine the emission in a wide spectrum of machines and drive systems of vehicles and allows to determine the conformity of their operation referring to the relevant approval standards.…”

Regionalized environmental impacts of construction machinery

“…Although the applied emission factors were from the EMEP/EEA guidebook, which are based on laboratory testing (steady-state engine dynamometer tests), the accuracy of these factors needs to be improved for the future studies based on real-world measurements. Some recent research has emphasized the importance of using representative datasets, including those that reflect actual machinery duty cycles (Frey et al 2008;Lewis et al 2009;Fu et al 2012;Lijewski et al 2013;Jerksjö et al 2015;Cao et al 2016). The importance of using more realistic emission factors was also emphasized by Lijewski et al (2013), who found that emission of some pollutants based on different engine standards did not always reflect real-world measurements.…”

“…Alongside the interest in gaining insightful knowledge about the environmental impacts of construction machinery, different studies have been carried out to assess the performance of different types and subcategories of construction machinery, and in different setups (Lijewski et al 2013;Cao et al 2016;. However, most studies have only focused on the direct emissions associated with the operation phase of the studied machinery.…”

Automotive Thermoelectric Generator impact on the efficiency of a drive system with a combustion engine

“…For the automotive industry road emissions standards were introduced for either CO 2 emission or fuel consumption [7][8][9]. According to Arena, et al [10], CO 2 emissions from road transport sector constitutes 16.4% of global emissions.…”