Airborne sulfur and nitrogen in Finland—trends and exposure in relation to air transport sector

Ruoho-Airola, Tuija; Anttila, Pia; Salmi, Timo

doi:10.1039/b309380h

Cited by 27 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Nitrogen deposition also decreased, but clearly less than sulphur deposition (Ruoho-Airola et al 2004;Vuorenmaa 2004). As a consequence of the decline in sulphuric acid deposition, there has been a slight, but consistent, recovery in lake water pH in many of the most severely acidified lakes (Mannio 2001;Vuorenmaa et al 2006;Vuorenmaa and Forsius 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Long-term patterns in pH and colour in small acidic boreal lakes of varying hydrological and landscape settings

Арвола

Rask²,

Ruuhijärvi³

et al. 2010

Biogeochemistry

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Changes in water pH and colour since the late 1980s were studied in 35 small boreal lakes of varying hydrological and landscape settings but similar climate and acid deposition. The data was collected during the autumnal overturn on the annual basis except in lake with weekly sampling during the ice-free period. In addition to the deposition data information about catchment soil types as well as local meteorological and hydrological conditions were used for the long-term data interpretation. The lakes are situated in a small area in southern Finland, 130 km north from Helsinki, where sulphate deposition declined by [60% in one decade since the mid1980s. The results showed that water colour increased in most lakes while pH did not. In lakes dominated by surface runoff there was a distinct upward shift in colour, with an initial increase after the mid-1990s and a second increase in 2004. The first shift appeared when the sulphate deposition reached a level ca. 25% of that in 1988. However, the upward shift in colour also coincided with a change in hydrological conditions after several dry summers. In contrast, the second shift in colour clearly coincided with a switch in hydrology due to the abnormally wet summer of 2004 after severe drought in 2002-2003. Although the hydrological conditions indisputably had a key role in determining the annual variability in colour, a distinct negative relationship between acid deposition and water colour in 90% of the lakes strongly suggested that reduction in sulphate deposition fostered the leaching of coloured organic substances from the catchment soils. Increase in colour, in turn, strongly influenced lake water pH, and the present day higher organic matter concentrations seemingly depress pH values more than in the 1980s, before the reduction in acid deposition.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Long-term patterns in pH and colour in small acidic boreal lakes of varying hydrological and landscape settings

Арвола

Rask²,

Ruuhijärvi³

et al. 2010

Biogeochemistry

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“…This work uses a combination of FA and CMB, as proposed by Goméz et al (2004) to determine source apportionments. A screening procedure based on the analysis of the score plane of the Principal Components (the basis of FA) is used to identify significant candidate sources from an ensemble of possibilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air pollution sources of PM10 in Buenos Aires City

Reich

Robledo

Gómez

et al. 2008

Environ Monit Assess

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To elucidate the sources of PM(10) air pollution from the experimental information collected in a local air quality monitoring campaign we have applied two methods, effective variance and genetic algorithms, in the solution of the chemical mass balance. The comparison of these two mathematical approaches show that the identification of the possible sources and the evaluation of its contributions are quite independent of them. The role of possible different sources for major and trace elements and the significance of standardizing available data is also addressed. We also present a simple method for identifying the number of candidate sources, a key element defining the dimension of the search space.

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“…Even in the urban areas of Helsinki, 50-70% of PM 2.5 mass is caused by LRT (Vallius et al, 2003;Karppinen et al, 2004). In general, high concentrations of LRT PM 2.5 mass and typical chemical components of LRT particles, such as sulphate and nitrate, are observed in Finland when air masses arrive from Eastern and Central Europe (Pakkanen et al, 2001;Ruoho-Airola et al, 2004). In northern Finland, the emissions from the Arctic Ocean and from the Kola Peninsula industrial areas in northern Russia also increase LRT particle mass concentrations (Virkkula et al, 1999;YliTuomi et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of aerosol particle episodes in Finland caused by wildfires in Eastern Europe

et al. 2005

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Abstract. We studied the sources, compositions and size distributions of aerosol particles during long-range transport (LRT) PM 2.5 episodes which occurred on 12-15 August, 26-28 August and 5-6 September 2002 in Finland. Backward air mass trajectories, satellite detections of fire areas and dispersion modelling results indicate that emissions from wildfires in Russia and other Eastern European countries arrived in Finland during these episodes. Elemental analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray microanalyses (EDX) showed that the proportions of S-rich particles and agglomerates (agglomeration was caused partly by the sampling method used) increased during the episodes, and they contained elevated fractions of K, indicating emissions from biomass burning. These aerosols were mixed with S-rich emissions from fossil fuel burning during transport since air masses came through polluted areas of Europe. Minor amounts of coarse Ca-rich particles were also brought by LRT during the episodes, and they probably originated from wildfires and/or from Estonian and Russian oil-shale-burning industrial areas. Ion chromatography analysis showed that concentrations of sulphate (SO 2− 4 ), total nitrate (NO − 3 +HNO 3 (g)) and total ammonium (NH + 4 +NH 3 (g)) increased during the episodes, but the ratio of the total amount of these ions to PM 10 concentration decreased, indicating unusually high fractions of other chemical components. Particle number size distribution measurements with differential mobility particle sizer (DMPS) revealed that concentrations of particles 90-500 nm increasedCorrespondence to: J. V. Niemi (jarkko.v.niemi@helsinki.fi) during the episodes, while concentrations of particles smaller than 90 nm decreased. The reduction of the smallest particles was caused by suppressed new particle formation due to vapour and molecular cluster uptake of LRT particles. Our results show that emissions from wildfires in Russian and other Eastern European countries deteriorated air quality of very large areas, even at distances of over 1000 km from the fire areas.

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Airborne sulfur and nitrogen in Finland—trends and exposure in relation to air transport sector

Cited by 27 publications

References 20 publications

Long-term patterns in pH and colour in small acidic boreal lakes of varying hydrological and landscape settings

Long-term patterns in pH and colour in small acidic boreal lakes of varying hydrological and landscape settings

Air pollution sources of PM10 in Buenos Aires City

Characterization of aerosol particle episodes in Finland caused by wildfires in Eastern Europe

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