Alanine and succinate as end-products of glucose degradation in the clam Rangia cuneata

Stokes, Thomas M.; Awapara, Jörge

doi:10.1016/0010-406x(68)90576-8

Cited by 130 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In addition, the levels of two energy storage metabolites, glucose and glycogen, were significantly increased, which suggested the reduced energy demand in clams. Alanine constitutes the major portion of end-product of glucose breakdown anaerobically, together with the metabolite of succinate in invertebrate [34]. In this work, the high levels of both alanine and succinate demonstrated the enhanced anaerobiosis in clam induced by these two concentrations of Cd.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 49%

Multiple biomarkers of biological effects induced by cadmium in clam Ruditapes philippinarum

Zhou

et al. 2015

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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a b s t r a c tCadmium (Cd) is a known heavy metal pollutant in the Bohai Sea. Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum is an important fishery species along the Bohai coast. In this study, the biological effects induced by two concentrations (20 and 200 mg/L) of Cd were characterized using multiple biochemical indices in the digestive glands of clam R. philippinarum. The total hemocyte counts, reactive oxygen species productions and antioxidant enzyme activities exhibited that Cd induced dose-dependent immune and oxidative stresses in clam digestive glands. Metabolic responses indicated that both Cd exposures caused immune stress marked by the elevated branched chain amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine), together with the disturbance in energy metabolism. The differential metabolic biomarkers related to osmotic stress, including homarine, betaine, tyrosine and phenylalanine, suggested the differential responsive mechanisms in clam digestive glands induced by Cd exposures. In addition, both Cd treatments enhanced the anaerobiosis metabolism in clam digestive glands via differential metabolic pathways.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 49%

Multiple biomarkers of biological effects induced by cadmium in clam Ruditapes philippinarum

Zhou

et al. 2015

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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“…This amino acid is one of the major end-products of the anaerobic breakdown of glucose (Carlsson & Gäde, 1986;Stokes & Awapara, 1968), and was logically expected to increase when the clams were maintained under hypoxia. However, the decrease of alanine observed in this study was consistent with the simultaneous reduction of succinate, which is another product of the anaerobic consumption of glucose (Carlsson & Gäde, 1986;Stokes & Awapara, 1968) (Fig. 3C).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of hypoxia in the gills of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum using NMR-based metabolomics

Zhang

Wei

et al. 2017

Marine Pollution Bulletin

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Coastal hypoxia affects the survival, behavior, and reproduction of individual local marine organisms, and the abundance, biomass, and biodiversity of coastal ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the chronic effects of hypoxia on the metabolomics in the gills of Ruditapes (R.) philippinarum. The results indicated significant alterations in the metabolite profiles in the gills of the hypoxia-treated clams, in comparison with those maintained under normoxia. The levels of betaine, taurine, glycine, isoleucine, and alanine were significantly reduced, suggesting a disturbance of osmotic balance associated with hypoxia. Meanwhile, metabolites involved in energy metabolism, such as alanine and succinate, were also affected. Dramatic histopathological changes were observed in the gills and hepatopancreases of R. philippinarum grown in hypoxic waters, demonstrating tissue damages apparently caused by long-term exposure to hypoxia. Our findings suggest that hypoxia significantly affects the physiology of R. philippinarum, even at a sub-lethal level, and impedes health of the clams.

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“…Alanine is another important organic osmolyte like betaine, taurine, homarine and glycine in many invertebrates (Abe et al, 2005). It has also been reported that alanine constitutes the major portion of end-product of glucose breakdown anaerobically, together with the metabolite of succinate in invertebrate (Carlsson and Gade, 1986;Stokes and Awapara, 1968). In some studies the increase in alanine caused by anoxia was correlated with an increase in succinate that is a clear biomarker of anaerobiosis in molluscs (De Zwaan et al, 1976).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzo(a)pyrene-induced metabolic responses in Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) based metabolomics

Zhang

Liu

You

et al. 2011

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology

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Alanine and succinate as end-products of glucose degradation in the clam Rangia cuneata

Cited by 130 publications

References 19 publications

Multiple biomarkers of biological effects induced by cadmium in clam Ruditapes philippinarum

Multiple biomarkers of biological effects induced by cadmium in clam Ruditapes philippinarum

Effects of hypoxia in the gills of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum using NMR-based metabolomics

Benzo(a)pyrene-induced metabolic responses in Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) based metabolomics

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