Alexandrium catenella cyst accumulation by passive and active dispersal agents: Implications for the potential spreading risk in Chilean Patagonian fjords

Rodríguez-Villegas, Camilo; Díaz, Patricio A.; Pizarro, Gemita; Salgado, Pablo; Peréz-Santos, Iván; Díaz, Manuel; Seguel, Mauricio; Baldrich, Ángela M.; Bravo, Isabel; Iriarte, Luis; Figueroa, Rosa Isabel

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2020.101832

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Dams or harbors that detain or alter water flow, and the construction of highways that prevent the migration of animals carrying microorganisms, are physical barriers that disrupt the flux of microorganisms [61]. Similarly, the vanishing of certain dispersion vectors (e.g., species extinction or drying rivers) or the introduction of new ones (e.g., microplastics [62], fishing gear [63]) will deeply alter the Microbial Conveyor Belt. Global changes such as global warming, or changes in land use, may also affect the Belt through alterations of the microbial communities involved [64].…”

Section: Threats To the Microbial Conveyor Beltmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Microbial Conveyor Belt: Connecting the Globe through Dispersion and Dormancy

Mestre

Höfer

2021

Trends in Microbiology

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Despite the recent increase in knowledge concerning microorganisms, the processes determining their global distribution and functioning have not been disentangled. Microbial dormant stages are adapted to endure specific adverse conditions related to their dispersion path, suggesting that dispersion is not entirely a stochastic process. Long-term dormancy enhances microbial dispersion, promoting the ubiquity of microorganisms. The evidence leads us to propose that there is a global, recurrent, and spatially cyclical dispersion of microorganisms that we have called the Microbial Conveyor Belt. These dispersion cycles directly influence the distribution of microorganisms, the global cycling of inorganic and organic matter, and thus the Earth system's functioning. The Relevance of Long-Range Dispersion and Long-Term Dormancy to Microbial UbiquityEven though we cannot see them, there is a plethora of tiny organisms living on Earth that are present across the entire biosphere (see Glossary), including the oceans, lands, and atmosphere. These microscopic organisms are highly diverse and constitute complex communities with countless species of prokaryotes (i.e., bacteria and archaea), unicellular eukaryotes (e.g., fungi, protists, and algae), some small multicellular eukaryotes (e.g., zooplankton), and even the microscopic transitory stages of large organisms (e.g., spores, seeds, eggs, larvae). Global surveyssuch as the Ocean Sampling Day i , Earth Microbiome Project ii , and the Global Atmospheric Microbiome Project iiihave shown that the diversity of microorganisms is even higher than originally expected, pointing out the value of continuing such efforts. Although the individual biomass of microorganisms is almost negligible, they represent a major proportion of Earth's biomass due to their extremely high abundances [1]. Moreover, the vast microbial functional diversity enables microorganisms to play key roles in ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles [2,3]. Thus, understanding how microbial communities are distributed across the biosphere (i.e., biogeography), and what controls their distribution, is crucial to the understanding of the Earth system's functioning.The biogeography of macroscopic organisms, such as plants and animals, has been studied for centuries and it is known that macroscopic living beings are restricted to certain geographic areas [4]. Yet, we still do not have a clear idea whether microorganisms are restricted to certain areas or are ubiquitous across the biosphere (i.e., cosmopolitan). On one hand, there is evidence of microbial endemism [5-7], and microbial communities become more different with increasing distance [8], whereas other microorganisms are widely distributed, being detected even in very distant localities [9][10][11].In 1913, M.W. Beijerinck [12] proposed that microorganisms may be ubiquitous. This idea was developed under the popular microbial hypothesis 'everything is everywhere' formulated afterwards by L.G.M. Baas-Becking in 1934 [13]. We now know that microbial communities are

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Section: Threats To the Microbial Conveyor Beltmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Microbial Conveyor Belt: Connecting the Globe through Dispersion and Dormancy

Mestre

Höfer

2021

Trends in Microbiology

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“…The variation in toxin concentrations among A. catenella strains isolated from the same geographical area may reflect the dinoflagellate's ecological persistence. For example, in the open ocean, strains with different PSTs profiles might be introduced from neighboring regions through active/passive spreading via aquaculture equipment (e.g., nets), the movements of shellfish from one location to another [29], resting cyst germination from unexplored areas (e.g., continental shelf [51]), or invasion, as suggested by Ichimi et al [52]. This could explain the differences in the PST profiles of the sympatric strains BM367 and BM368 (isolated in 2016) as well as the similarity of the toxin profiles of strains BM367 and Ays 29 and of strains BM368 and Ays12.…”

Section: Latitude Toxicity and Rc: Relationship And Ecological Implic...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mardones et al [28] found a strong positive correlation between the genetic distance of parental strains and their reproductive compatibility. This correlation may be highly relevant for aquaculture management, since the movement of fish, shellfish stocks, fishing nets, and other aquaculture supplies can introduce new A. catenella strains from one region to another [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latitudinal Variation in the Toxicity and Sexual Compatibility of Alexandrium catenella Strains from Southern Chile

Rodríguez-Villegas

Díaz

Riobó

et al. 2021

Toxins

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The bloom-forming toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella was first detected in southern Chile (39.5–55° S) 50 years ago and is responsible for most of the area’s cases of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Given the complex life history of A. catenella, which includes benthic sexual cysts, in this study, we examined the potential link between latitude, toxicity, and sexual compatibility. Nine clones isolated from Chilean Patagonia were used in self- and out-crosses in all possible combinations (n = 45). The effect of latitude on toxicity, reproductive success indexes, and cyst production was also determined. Using the toxin profiles for all strains, consisting of C1, C2, GTX4, GTX1, GTX3, and NeoSTX, a latitudinal gradient was determined for their proportions (%) and content per cell (pg cell−1), with the more toxic strains occurring in the north (−40.6° S). Reproductive success also showed a latitudinal tendency and was lower in the north. None of the self-crosses yielded resting cysts. Rather, the production of resting cysts was highest in pairings of clones separated by distances of 1000–1650 km. Our results contribute to a better understanding of PSP outbreaks in the region and demonstrate the importance of resting cysts in fueling new toxic events. They also provide additional evidence that the introduction of strains from neighboring regions is a cause for concern.

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“…The variation in toxin concentrations among A. catenella strains isolated from the same geographical area may reflect the dinoflagellate's ecological persistence. For example, in the open ocean, strains with different PSTs profiles might be introduced from neighboring regions, through active/passive spreading via aquaculture equipment (e.g., nets), the movements of shellfish from one location to another [28], resting cyst germination from unexplored areas (e.g., continental shelf [46]), or invasion, as suggested by Ichimi et al [47]. This could explain the differences in the PST profiles of the sympatric strains BM367 and BM368 (isolated in 2016) as well as the similarity of the toxin profiles of strains BM367 and Ays 29 and of strains BM368 and Ays12.…”

Section: Latitude Toxicity and Rc: Relationship And Ecological Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mardones et al [27] found a strong positive correlation between the genetic distance of parental strains and their reproductive compatibility. This correlation may be highly relevant for aquaculture management, since the movement of fish, shellfish stocks, fishing nets, and other aquaculture supplies can introduce new A. catenella strains from one region to another [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latitudinal Variation in the Toxicity and Sexual Compatibility of <i>Alexandrium catenella</i> Strains From Southern Chile

Rodríguez-Villegas¹,

Díaz²,

Riobó³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The bloom-forming toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella was first detected in Southern Chile (39.5–55°S) 50 years ago and is responsible for most of the area’s cases of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Given the complex life history of A. catenella, which includes benthic sexual cysts, in this study we examined the potential link between latitude, toxicity, and sexual compatibility. Nine clones isolated from Chilean Patagonia were used in self- and out-crosses in all possible combinations (n=45). The effect of latitude on toxicity, reproductive success indexes, and cyst production was also determined. Although the toxin profiles were similar for all strains, consisting of C1, C2, GTX4, GTX1, GTX3, and NeoSTX, a latitudinal gradient was determined for their proportions (%) and content per cell (pg cell−1), with the more toxic strains occurring in the north (−40.6°S). Reproductive success also showed a latitudinal tendency and was lower in the north. None of the self-crosses yielded resting cysts. Rather, the production of resting cysts was highest in pairings of clones separated by distances of 1000–1650km. Our results contribute to a better understanding of PSP outbreaks in the region and demonstrate the importance of resting cysts in fueling new toxic events. They also provide additional evidence that the introduction of strains from neighboring regions is a cause for concern.

show abstract

Alexandrium catenella cyst accumulation by passive and active dispersal agents: Implications for the potential spreading risk in Chilean Patagonian fjords

Cited by 15 publications

References 29 publications

The Microbial Conveyor Belt: Connecting the Globe through Dispersion and Dormancy

The Microbial Conveyor Belt: Connecting the Globe through Dispersion and Dormancy

Latitudinal Variation in the Toxicity and Sexual Compatibility of Alexandrium catenella Strains from Southern Chile

Latitudinal Variation in the Toxicity and Sexual Compatibility of <i>Alexandrium catenella</i> Strains From Southern Chile

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