Algal Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Review With Special Emphasis on Their Antimicrobial Effects

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) originated from different cells of approximately all kinds of organisms, recently got more attention because of their potential in the treatment of diseases and reconstructive medicine. To date, lots of studies have been performed on mammalian-derived vesicles, but little attention has been paid to algae and marine cells as valuable sources of EVs. Proving the promising role of EVs in medicine requires sufficient resources to produce qualified microvesicles. Algae, same as its other sister groups, such as plants, have stem cells and stem cell niches. Previous studies showed the EVs in plants and marine cells. So, this study was set out to talk about algal extracellular vesicles. EVs play a major role in cell-to-cell communication to convey molecules, such as RNA/DNA, metabolites, proteins, and lipids within. The components of EVs depends on the origin of the primitive cells or tissues and the isolation method. Sufficient resources are needed to produce high-quality, stable, and compatible EVs as a drug or drug delivery system. Plant stem cells have great potential as a new controllable resource for the production of EVs. The EVs secreted from stem cells can easily be extracted from the cell culture medium and evaluated for medicinal uses. In this review, the aim is to introduce algae stem cells as well as EVs derived from algal cells. In the following, the production of the EVs¸ the properties of EVs extracted from these sources and their antimicrobial effects will be discussed.

Extracellular vesicles involved in growth regulation and metabolic modulation in Haematococcus pluvialis

“…To summarize (Fig. 7 , generated with BioRender, https://www.biorender.com/ ), H. pluvialis cells sort distinct miRNAs into the HpEVs, which reflects the physiological state of the secretion microalgal cells, thereby endowing these vesicles with cell type-specific biological functions, as previously described [ 23 , 25 , 67 ]. These HpEVs access the extracellular space through unconventional secretion and could be isolated and purified from the complex culture media [ 42 , 68 ].…”

“…Our findings indicate that HpEVs can be uptake by H. pluvialis cells, and they have regulatory and functional effects on cell growth and physiological features of the recipient cells, which is consistent with functions of the target genes of their miRNA cargoes. Thus, it is highlighted that the secretion and ingestion of HpEVs is a way of cell-to-cell communication among H. pluvialis cells [ 25 ]. The analysis of HpEV secretion inhibition delineates consistent results with early hypothesis favoring the notion that exosomes maintain cellular homeostasis by excreting harmful or unusable cellular constituents from cells through exosome secretion [ 15 , 62 , 64 , 69 ].…”

“…Microalgal-derived EVs are considered to sort complex cellular constituents, including metabolites, proteins, nucleic acids, and other components of the microalgae cells as their cargos, functionalizing them pharmacological functions similar to those of the original microalgae species [ 30 , 32 , 33 , 36 , 39 , 41 , 42 ]. Indeed, EVs can be also purified from microalgal cultivation media and involved in transporting both high-value microalgal substances and bioactive molecules into the extracellular environment [ 24 , 25 , 39 , 42 ]. In addition, microalgal-derived EVs are lipid-based carriers capable of carrying and delivering synthetic drug molecules [ 30 , 42 ].…”

RNA-Binding Proteins as Epigenetic Regulators of Brain Functions and Their Involvement in Neurodegeneration

“…Extracellular vesicles (EVs), considered for a long time a way used by cells to discard unwanted materials, have now been definitively recognized as a central way for cell-to-cell communication and molecule exchange, both in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes, as well as for trans-kingdom communications [ 216 , 245 , 246 , 247 , 248 , 249 , 250 , 251 , 252 , 253 , 254 , 255 , 256 , 257 , 258 , 259 ], thus suggesting an ancient evolutionary origin of EVs.…”

The current trend of exosome in epithelial ovarian cancer studies: A bibliometric review

“…One of the most newly known biomarkers of diseases is extracellular nano-vesicles, called exosomes ( Hubert et al, 2015 ; Nawaz et al, 2016 ; Yousafzai et al, 2018 ; Ghafourian et al, 2022 ). Exosomes are produced by cells and carry several genetic materials and proteins playing key roles in the signaling and crosstalk of cells ( Mashouri et al, 2019 ; Afshar et al, 2021 ; Bayat et al, 2021 ; Zhankina et al, 2021 ; Akbar et al, 2022 ). It has been reported that exosomes and their cargoes are an appropriate tool for maintaining the homeostasis of cancer tissues as they are able to mediate intercellular communication ( Salido-Guadarrama et al, 2014 ; Caruso Bavisotto et al, 2019 ).…”