All around suboptimal health — a joint position paper of the Suboptimal Health Study Consortium and European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine

Abstract

First two decades of the twenty-first century are characterised by epidemics of non-communicable diseases such as many hundreds of millions of patients diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases and the type 2 diabetes mellitus, breast, lung, liver and prostate malignancies, neurological, sleep, mood and eye disorders, amongst others. Consequent socio-economic burden is tremendous. Unprecedented decrease in age of maladaptive individuals has been reported. The absolute majority of expanding non-communicable disorders carry a chronic character, over a couple of years progressing from reversible suboptimal health conditions to irreversible severe pathologies and cascading collateral complications. The time-frame between onset of SHS and clinical manifestation of associated disorders is the operational area for an application of reliable risk assessment tools and predictive diagnostics followed by the cost-effective targeted prevention and treatments tailored to the person.This article demonstrates advanced strategies in bio/medical sciences and healthcare focused on suboptimal health conditions in the frame-work of Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine (3PM/PPPM). Potential benefits in healthcare systems and for society at large include but are not restricted to an improved life-quality of major populations and socio-economical groups, advanced professionalism of healthcare-givers and sustainable healthcare economy. Amongst others, following medical areas are proposed to strongly benefit from PPPM strategies applied to the identification and treatment of suboptimal health conditions: Stress overload associated pathologies Male and female health Planned pregnancies Periodontal health Eye disorders Inflammatory disorders, wound healing and pain management with associated complications Metabolic disorders and suboptimal body weight Cardiovascular pathologies Cancers Stroke, particularly of unknown aetiology and in young individuals Sleep medicine Sports medicine Improved individual outcomes under pandemic conditions such as COVID-19.

Anti-breast cancer effects of phytochemicals: primary, secondary, and tertiary care

“…The time period between a reversible damage to health and irreversible organ damage with cascading complications is the operating timeframe for the primary care in breast cancer prediction and individualized protection. To this end, the majority of breast cancer cases are preventable that makes primary care to the key point in the paradigm change from the currently applied reactive disease management to the cost-effective 3PM approach [ 6 , 7 ]. Health risk assessment followed by targeted damage-mitigating measures and protection tailored to the individualized patient profile are instrumental to reverse health damage at the level of sub-optimal health [ 120 , 121 ].…”

Homocysteine metabolism as the target for predictive medical approach, disease prevention, prognosis, and treatments tailored to the person

“…However, accurate risks assessment and individualized patient stratification are essential for the cost-effective targeted prevention and treatment algorithms tailored to the person. Innovative strategies in the framework of 3P medicine consider Hcy metabolic pathways as the specific target for in vitro diagnostics, predictive medical approaches, multi-parametric patient stratification, advanced screening programs, and preventive measures in the population as well as optimal treatments tailored to the individualized patient profiles in primary, secondary and tertiary care [63,[232][233][234][235]. To this end, in the context of severe COVID-19 complications, blood plasma Hcy was suggested as an important biomarker indicative for systemic vasculitis and inflammation, both crucial for disease outcomes prediction and targeted prevention under pandemic conditions [236].…”

Association of systemic inflammation indices with visual field loss progression in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma: potential biomarkers for 3P medical approaches

“…To provide greater possibility of PPPM for personalized treatment, we also recommend that (1) the assessment of systemic inflammation indices should be mandatory in all 3PM (personalized medicine, targeted prevention, and predictive diagnostics) disciplines to get a global insight into an individual's current health condition [76];…”