Alternativas para o controle de nematoides gastrintestinais de pequenos ruminantes

Abstract

A criação de ovinos e caprinos depende de um manejo eficiente, devido, principalmente, ao prejuízo causado por parasitos em animais susceptíveis. Vários fatores colaboram para que os animais tolerem as infecções parasitárias, como: genética, nutrição, estado fisiológico e idade. O grave problema causado pela resistência anti-helmíntica promoveu a difusão de técnicas alternativas de controle parasitário. Dentre essas novas estratégias incluem-se a adoção do tratamento parcial seletivo com o método FAMACHA, fitoterapia, controle biológico com o uso de fungos nematófagos e estratégias que ainda necessitam de mais dados como a homeopatia, a diluição da resistência com a introdução de parasitos sensíveis e a combinação de produtos químicos sem efeito antiparasitário. O objetivo central destes métodos é reduzir o uso de antiparasitários, retardando o desenvolvimento da resistência, e promover melhor utilização de produtos ainda eficazes na propriedade e de novos produtos que venham a ser lançados. Este artigo abordará as técnicas descritas acima para o controle de nematoides de pequenos ruminantes e é direcionado aos técnicos interessados em ampliar seu conhecimento sobre os mecanismos de resistência dos parasitos aos anti-helmínticos e de alternativas ao uso desses produtos.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Anti-helmíntico, homeopatia, fitoterapia, Famacha, controle biológico, resistência parasitária. ABSTRACT ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR THE CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES IN SMALL RUMINANTS.Sheep and goat farming requires an efficient management program, due to losses caused by parasites in susceptible animals. Many factors may collaborate to improve infection tolerance in the herd, such as: genetics, nutrition, physiological status, and age. The problem caused by resistance to antihelmintic agents has led to the spread of alternative techniques for parasite controls. The latest strategies include selective treatment with the FAMACHA method, phytotherapy, biological control with predatory fungi, and strategies that still await scientific confirmation, such as homeopathy, the dilution of resistance with the introduction of susceptible parasites, and the combination of drugs without antihelmintic effect. The main objective of these methods is to reduce the usage of antiparasitic agents, thus slowing the development of resistance and promoting the better use of effective products and newly released products. The objective of this article is to describe techniques for controlling nematodes in small ruminants, and it is aimed at technicians interested in increasing their knowledge about the mechanisms of resistance to antihelmintic agents as well as alternatives to the use of these products.

Effect of climatic conditions on the occurrence of sheep endoparasites

“…Despite the use of k-means clustering technique, on maximizing the variation of clusters and minimizing the variations within each, the similarity in the pattern of means for lactating females and the other females is seen, compared to the clusters of lambs and males. Despite the similar pattern, two clusters were formed for the females, possibly due to the presence of newborn females in one of the groups, which showed a higher count of strongylids (COSTA; SIMÕES; RIET-CORREA, 2011;FERNANDES et al, 2017;MOLENTO et al, 2013).…”

Blood testosterone level and growth of castrated, uncastrated, and cryptorchid lambs

“…Parasite infestation was monitored by biweekly Famacha exams of each animal, and drugs were only applied to animals scored 4 and 5, according to Molento et al (2013). In addition to this periodic monitoring, a strategic dosage of the active ingredient closantel 10% was administered to all experimental animals, at 150 days of age.…”

Efficacy, toxicity, and lethality of plants with potential anthelmintic activity in small ruminants in Brazil

“…The goat and sheep industry are affected by many parasites representing significant losses in meat, milk and wool culture (Ataide and Cansi, 2013). Notwithstanding the availability of alternative methods to control and treat parasitic diseases (Molento et al, 2011), allopathic drugs remain the main choice for this purpose (Melo et al, 2015;Costa et al, 2017). World trade in animal health drugs reached US $30 billion in 2016 (Statista, 2018), with an upward projection of expenditures estimated at US $54 billion/year by 2027 (FMI, 2017).…”

“…In Brazil, the industry net billing in this sector in 2017 was approximately US $1,4 billion, of which 27,2% was related to trade in antiparasitic products (SINDAN, 2018). The indiscriminate use of antiparasitic drugs is associated with the high resistance currently observed in parasites, which can cause great economic losses as it reduces animal productivity and increases costs following non-effective treatments (Molento et al, 2013). Studies of plants with antiparasitic medicinal potential have been seeking to reduce treatment costs and environmental contamination (Eguale et al, 2007).…”