Alum boosts TH2-type antibody responses to whole-inactivated virus influenza vaccine in mice but does not confer superior protection

Matrix MTMadjuvanted virosomal H5N1 vaccine induces balanced Th1/Th2 CD4+T cell responses in man

“…Furthermore, despite inducing functionally active influenza-specific antibodies, pure Th2 inducing vaccines may be inferior for protection against influenza, at least in mice. 18 The present study investigated the T cellular responses after influenza vaccination with H5N1 virosomes alone or in combination with the Matrix M TM adjuvant in man. We found that the vaccines elicited production of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines and that the Matrix M TM adjuvant significantly augmented the cytokine concentrations.…”

“…17 In mice, an aluminum-based adjuvanted influenza vaccine boosted Th2 responses, and HI titers, but did not confer superior protection to unadjuvanted vaccine 18 and IL-4 treatment of influenzainfected mice inhibited anti-influenza responses. 19 In another murine model, IgG2a and IgG1 antibodies, as stimulated by Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively had distinct roles for anti-influenza immunity.…”

Mucosal immunization with Shigella flexneri outer membrane vesicles induced protection in mice

“…T-cell response [45][46][47] Recent studies report that in a murine model of acute bacterial infection with S. flexneri the T cell response is dominated by the induction of long-term memory Shigellaspecific Th17 cells that contribute to mediate protective immunity against reinfection [52] Now, new research shows an unexpected direct role for TLR2 signalling in T cells themselves, promoting the differentiation and proliferation of T helper 17 (T H 17) cells [50]. Taking into account these data and together with previous results from our own group about the high ability of PVM/MA to stimulate TLR2 [5] suggest that these …”

Poly(Anhydride) Nanoparticles Act as Active Th1 Adjuvants through Toll-Like Receptor Exploitation

“…However, they are poorly immunogenic and require the use of adjuvants (40). Within them, the alum salts, which are known to polarize the response toward Th2, have been the only approved adjuvants for human use for almost 1 century (7,28). Currently new adjuvants are being approved, such as ASO4, included in Cervarix, a human papillomavirus vaccine (GlaxoSmithKline), containing Al(OH) 3, and the immunomodulator 3-O-desacyl-4Јmonophosphoryl lipid A (MPL).…”