Aluminum Deposition and Nucleation on Nitrogen-Incorporated Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon Electrodes in Ambient Temperature Chloroaluminate Melts

Lee, Jae‐Joon; Miller, B. I.; Xu, Shaohui; Kalish, R.; Wheeler, Kraig A.

doi:10.1149/1.1393908

Cited by 33 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(156 reference statements)

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“…The two limiting cases of this model are instantaneous nucleation and progressive nucleation. In general, a better method for distinguishing the two nucleation models is to compare the dimensionless experimental current‐time transients with dimensionless theoretical transients for each nucleation mechanism,61, 62 which is given as follows:…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motility‐related protein 1 (MRP‐1/CD9) expression in urothelial bladder carcinoma and its relation to tumor recurrence and progression

Mhawech

Herrmann

Coassin

et al. 2003

Cancer

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BACKGROUND: CD9 has been implicated in cell adhesion, motility, and proliferation, and numerous studies have demonstrated its prognostic value in different solid tumors. The objective of this study was to determine the relation of CD9 expression to tumor grade and tumor stage of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and to define the value of CD9 in predicting the behavior of superficial papillary tumors (SPTs) (pathologic Ta [pTa] and pT1). METHODS: Three hundred twenty patients (118 patients with pTa tumors, 111 patients with pT1 tumors, and 91 patients with pT2 tumors) were examined for CD9 expression using immunohistochemistry applied on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue. Patients were stratified into 3 categories, depending on CD9 expression: positive (> 50% positive cells), reduced (5-50% positive cells), or negative (< 5% positive cells). RESULTS: Loss of CD9 expression was found to be associated significantly with high-grade and high-stage urothelial tumors (P < 0.0001). A reduced/negative (altered) CD9 expression was associated with SPT progression, but not with recurrence (P < 0.001). Patients who had pTa or pT1 tumors with altered CD9 expression had a relative risk of 5.59 (P = 0.005; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.69-18.48) for progression compared with patients who had tumors with positive CD9 expression. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that a lack of CD9 expression was associated significantly with progression free survival (P < 0.001; log-rank test), but not with recurrence. In patients with SPTs, multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that negative CD9 expression was an independent prognostic marker for the prediction of tumor progression (P = 0.007; 95% CI, 0.11-0.70). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with urothelial bladder carcinoma, CD9 expression was associated significantly with tumor stage and grade, and a loss of CD9 expression was an independent prognostic factor for predicting progression in patients with SPTs. Thus, CD9 immunoexpression is a potential new predictor of tumor behavior in patients with SPTs of the urinary bladder. Cancer 2003

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motility‐related protein 1 (MRP‐1/CD9) expression in urothelial bladder carcinoma and its relation to tumor recurrence and progression

Mhawech

Herrmann

Coassin

et al. 2003

Cancer

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“…The two limiting cases of this model are instantaneous nucleation and progressive nucleation. In general, a better method for distinguishing the two nucleation models is to compare the dimensionless experimental current-time transients with dimensionless theoretical transients for each nucleation mechanism, 61,62 which is given as follows: For instantaneous nucleation,…”

Section: Nucleation and Growth Process For The Electrodeposition Of Almentioning

confidence: 99%

A promising method for electrodeposition of aluminium on stainless steel in ionic liquid

et al. 2009

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in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).A promising method for aluminium deposition was proposed by using AlCl 3 /[bmim]Cl (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) ionic liquid as electrolyte. By using this novel method, the volatile and flammable organic solvent systems and the high corrosive inorganic molten salts with high temperature can be substituted, and the deposit microstructure can be easily adjusted by changing the current density, temperature and electrolyte composition. The study was performed by means of galvano-static electrolysis and the optimum operating conditions were determined based on the systematic studies of the effects of current density, temperature, molar ratio of AlCl 3 to [bmim]Cl, stirring speed and deposition time on the quality of deposited coatings. The electrical conductivities of electrolytes were also investigated as a function of temperature (298-358 K) and molar ratio of AlCl 3 to [bmim]Cl (from 0.1:1 to 2.0:1). Dense, bright and adherent aluminium coatings were obtained over a wide range of temperature (298-348 K), current densities (8-44 mA/cm 2 ) and molar ratio (1.6:1-2.0:1). Results from the analysis of crystal structure show that all of the electrodeposits exhibit a preferred (200) crystallographic orientation. Temperature has significant influence on the crystallographic orientation and there does not appear to be an apparent impact of current density on it. Analyses of the chronoamperograms indicate that the deposition process of aluminium on stainless steel was controlled by three-dimension nucleation with diffusion-controlled growth and there is a conversion from progressive nucleation to instantaneous nucleation.

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“…As the molar concentration of niacinamide increases in the range of 0−12 mmol/kg, the decrease in the average grain size of crystals is probably ascribed to the enhanced adsorption of niacinamide on the surface of the aluminium nuclei. Nevertheless, niacinamide might reach saturation at the electrode interface with molar concentrations higher than 12 mmol/kg, resulting in the overpotential deposition of aluminium and lower nucleation density [34]. In such a case, the subsequent excessive overlapping growth of deposits leads to larger aluminium crystals.…”

Section: Differential Capacitancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is obvious that current density plays an important role in the morphology of aluminium deposits. Considering the instantaneous nucleation process of aluminium in ionic liquid, all the nuclei are generated at the beginning of the electrodeposition [34]. It can be inferred that the density of the aluminium nuclei is enhanced with current density rising from 3 to 6 mA/cm 2 , which facilitates the smooth and uniform growth of crystals [12,27].…”

Section: Surface Morphology Of Aluminium Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposition of Nanocrystalline Aluminium from 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloroaluminate with Niacinamide as an Efficient Additive

Zheng¹

2018

International Journal of Electrochemical Science

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Nanocrystalline aluminium has been used as a promising energetic material due to its unique properties. However, the traditional methods for nanocrystalline aluminium production suffer from many inherent problems, which restrict the large-scale industrial application. In this paper, a systematic study was carried out on the nucleation mechanism and electrodeposition behaviour of nanocrystalline aluminium in Lewis acidic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloroaluminate ionic liquid. It was found that niacinamide could be used as an effective additive in the preparation of nanocrystalline aluminium. According to electrochemical measurements and computational calculations, niacinamide was highly electroactive and polarized, which is probably attributed to nonuniform distributions of positive and negative charges on niacinamide. Its strong interaction with the electrode and subsequent adsorption onto the surface of aluminium nuclei prevented the further growth of crystals. Consequently, nanocrystalline aluminium was obtained at 313.2−333.2 K and 3−6 mA/cm 2 from 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloroaluminate that contained 8−12 mmol/kg niacinamide. Smooth and compact aluminium crystals with a minimum grain size of 20−30 nm could be electrodeposited at 313.2 K and 6 mA/cm 2 with 8−12 mmol/kg niacinamide. The molar concentration of additive, temperature and current density were confirmed as the major influencing factors in the electrodeposition of nanocrystalline aluminium from the chloroaluminate ionic liquid. It is expected that this work may be useful for the future preparation and application of nanocrystalline aluminium.

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Aluminum Deposition and Nucleation on Nitrogen-Incorporated Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon Electrodes in Ambient Temperature Chloroaluminate Melts

Cited by 33 publications

References 36 publications

Motility‐related protein 1 (MRP‐1/CD9) expression in urothelial bladder carcinoma and its relation to tumor recurrence and progression

Motility‐related protein 1 (MRP‐1/CD9) expression in urothelial bladder carcinoma and its relation to tumor recurrence and progression

A promising method for electrodeposition of aluminium on stainless steel in ionic liquid

Electrodeposition of Nanocrystalline Aluminium from 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloroaluminate with Niacinamide as an Efficient Additive

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