Alzheimer’s Disease: An Insightful Review on the Future Trends of the Effective Therapeutics

Hashmi, Afreen; Srivastava, Vivek; Kalam, Syed Abul; Mishra, Devesh Kumar

doi:10.5772/intechopen.102762

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…The first direct tau aggregation inhibitor is methylene blue, also known as methylthionine chloride [ 64 ]. Derivatives of methylene blue have revealed a specific potential to inhibit tau aggregation [ 73 ]. TRx0237 (LMTM) is the second-generation tau aggregation inhibitor (TAI) for AD and FTD and is the purified form of methylene blue.…”

Section: Tau Immunotherapiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s Disease: Recent Developments

et al. 2022

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With increasing aging, dementia is a growing public health concern globally. Patients with dementia have multiple psychological and behavioral changes, including depression, anxiety, inappropriate behavior, paranoia, agitation, and hallucinations. The major types of dementia are Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia (VCID), Lewy body dementia (LBD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and mixed dementia (MiAD). Among these, AD is the most common form of dementia in the elderly population. In the last three decades, tremendous progress has been made in understanding AD’s biology and disease progression, particularly its molecular basis, biomarker development, and drug discovery. Multiple cellular changes have been implicated in the progression of AD, including amyloid beta, phosphorylated tau, synaptic damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, deregulated microRNAs, inflammatory changes, hormonal deregulation, and others; based on these changes, therapeutic strategies have been developed, which are currently being tested in animal models and human clinical trials. The purpose of our article is to highlight recent therapeutic strategies’ developments, critically discuss current strategies’ failures, and propose new strategies to combat this devasting mental illness.

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Section: Tau Immunotherapiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s Disease: Recent Developments

et al. 2022

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“…Several review papers related to AD that mainly present general theories of AD have been published [7,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Other reviews have also overviewed AD-related inhibitors; however, most of them focused on some common target enzymes, such as acetylcholinesterase [22][23][24][25], β-secretase [26,27], and glycogen synthase kinase-3 [13], and mainly presented the sources of inhibitors through chemical synthesis, plants, or marine organisms [11][12][13][22][23][24]26,28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microorganism-Derived Molecules as Enzyme Inhibitors to Target Alzheimer’s Diseases Pathways

2023

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. It increases the risk of other serious diseases and causes a huge impact on individuals, families, and socioeconomics. AD is a complex multifactorial disease, and current pharmacological therapies are largely based on the inhibition of enzymes involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Natural enzyme inhibitors are the potential sources for targeting AD treatment and are mainly collected from plants, marine organisms, or microorganisms. In particular, microbial sources have many advantages compared to other sources. While several reviews on AD have been reported, most of these previous reviews focused on presenting and discussing the general theory of AD or overviewing enzyme inhibitors from various sources, such as chemical synthesis, plants, and marine organisms, while only a few reviews regarding microbial sources of enzyme inhibitors against AD are available. Currently, multi-targeted drug investigation is a new trend for the potential treatment of AD. However, there is no review that has comprehensively discussed the various kinds of enzyme inhibitors from the microbial source. This review extensively addresses the above-mentioned aspect and simultaneously updates and provides a more comprehensive view of the enzyme targets involved in the pathogenesis of AD. The emerging trend of using in silico studies to discover drugs concerning AD inhibitors from microorganisms and perspectives for further experimental studies are also covered here.

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Normalized group activations based feature extraction technique using heterogeneous data for Alzheimer’s disease classification

Vaithianathan,

Pernabas,

Parthiban

et al. 2024

PeerJ Computer Science

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Several deep learning networks are developed to identify the complex atrophic patterns of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among various activation functions used in deep neural networks, the rectifier linear unit is the most used one. Even though these functions are analyzed individually, group activations and their interpretations are still not explored for neuroimaging analysis. In this study, a unique feature extraction technique based on normalized group activations that can be applied to both structural MRI and resting-state-fMRI (rs-fMRI) is proposed. This method is split into two phases: multi-trait condensed feature extraction networks and regional association networks. The initial phase involves extracting features from various brain regions using different multi-layered convolutional networks. Then, multiple regional association networks with normalized group activations for all the regional pairs are trained and the output of these networks is given as input to a classifier. To provide an unbiased estimate, an automated diagnosis system equipped with the proposed feature extraction is designed and analyzed on multi-cohort Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) data to predict multi-stages of AD. This system is also trained/tested on heterogeneous features such as non-transformed features, curvelets, wavelets, shearlets, textures, and scattering operators. Baseline scans of 185 rs-fMRIs and 1442 MRIs from ADNI-1, ADNI-2, and ADNI-GO datasets are used for validation. For MCI (mild cognitive impairment) classifications, there is an increase of 1–4% in performance. The outcome demonstrates the good discriminatory behaviour of the proposed features and its efficiency on rs-fMRI time-series and MRI data to classify multiple stages of AD.

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Alzheimer’s Disease: An Insightful Review on the Future Trends of the Effective Therapeutics

Cited by 3 publications

References 98 publications

Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s Disease: Recent Developments

Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s Disease: Recent Developments

Microorganism-Derived Molecules as Enzyme Inhibitors to Target Alzheimer’s Diseases Pathways

Normalized group activations based feature extraction technique using heterogeneous data for Alzheimer’s disease classification

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