Ameliorative effects of functional chalaza hydrolysates prepared from protease-A digestion on cognitive dysfunction and brain oxidative damages

Abstract

Our patented protease A–digested crude chalaza hydrolysates ( CCH ) show antioxidant abilities in vitro. The prophylactic effects of CCH on cognitive dysfunction and brain oxidative damages were investigated via a D-galactose ( DG )–injected mouse model in this study. Fifty-four mice were randomly divided into the following: (1) CON, 0.1 mL 0.9% saline (subcutaneous injection [ SC ] on the back)+distilled water (oral gavage); (2) DG, 100 mg/kg BW/day D-galactose (Bio-Serv Co., Flemington, NJ, USA) (SC on the back)+distilled water (oral gavage); (3) DG_LCH, 100 mg/kg BW/day D-galactose (SC on the back) + 50 mg CCH/kg BW/day in 0.1 ml distilled water (oral gavage); (4) DG_MCH, 100 mg/kg BW/day D-galactose (SC on the back) + 100 mg CCH/kg BW/day (oral gavage); (5) DG_HCH, 100 mg/kg BW/day D-galactose (SC on the back) + 200 mg CCH/kg BW/day (oral gavage); (6) DG_AG, 100 mg/kg BW/day D-galactose (SC on the back) + 100 mg aminoguanidine hydrochloride/kg BW/day (oral gavage). The experiment lasted for 84 D. CCH, containing antioxidant-free amino acids and anserine, restored ( P < 0.05) DG-injected memory injury in the Morris water maze test and attenuated the neuronal degenerations and nucleus shrinkages in the dentate gyrus area. CCH supplementation also reduced amyloid β-peptide protein levels and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGE) in the brain of DG-injected mice, whereas the brain antioxidant capacity was reversed ( P < 0.05) by supplementing CCH. Furthermore, AGE receptor ( RAGE ), NFκb , IL-6 , and TNF-α gene expressions were downregulated ( P < 0.05) by supplementing CCH. Therefore, CCH show prophylactic effects on the development of oxidative stress-induced cognitive dysfunction.

Protective effects of crude chalaza hydrolysates against liver fibrogenesis via antioxidation, anti-inflammation/anti-fibrogenesis, and apoptosis promotion of damaged hepatocytes

“…+ 75 mg/kg silymarin in 1.5 mL pure water (oral gavage). The effective dosages of CCH for rats were based on our previous study (50 mg CCH-As/Kg BW, mouse; Chan et al., 2020 ) and calculated by dose translation between mice and rats ( Reagan-Shaw et al., 2008 ). TAA was injected three times per week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday).…”

“…Our recently published work indicated that the contents of imidazole-ring dipeptide and free amino acids, for example, anserine, branched-chain amino acids, and aromatic amino acids (tyrosine and histidine) in protease A-digested crude chalaza hydrolysates ( CCH-As ) are increased hundred times than those in crude chalazae ( Yang et al., 2019 ; Chan et al., 2020 ). Thus, CCH-As showed hepatoprotective effects against chronic alcohol consumption and ameliorative effects against oxidative-stress induced cognitive dysfunction.…”

Developments for Collagen Hydrolysate in Biological, Biochemical, and Biomedical Domains: A Comprehensive Review

“…These pathogeneses cause a high expression of the following three syndromes: (1) oxidative stress, (2) inflammation, and (3) nervous dysfunction. Most of the collagen-based literature targets the antioxidative stress through different therapeutic ways [ 150 , 151 ]. Oxidative stresses cause cell death due to the mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and neuronal damage.…”

“…Koizumi et al reveals the alteration in brain structure against dementia with the collagen hydrolysate intake [ 22 ]. Chan et al concludes with a significant decrease in memory loss, shrinkages in the dentate gyrus area, and neurodegeneration with the patent collagen hydrolysate [ 151 ]. The collagen hydrolysate with antioxidant amino peptides and anserine also results in the downregulation of amyloid β peptides [ 151 ].…”

“…Chan et al concludes with a significant decrease in memory loss, shrinkages in the dentate gyrus area, and neurodegeneration with the patent collagen hydrolysate [ 151 ]. The collagen hydrolysate with antioxidant amino peptides and anserine also results in the downregulation of amyloid β peptides [ 151 ]. Kim et al utilizes the novel collagen hydrolysate to recover the cognitive impairment clinically induced with scopolamine injections in mice [ 21 ].…”