Amending woodchip bioreactors with water treatment plant residuals to treat nitrogen, phosphorus, and veterinary antibiotic compounds in tile drainage

Gottschall, N.; Edwards, Michael G.; Craiovan, Emilia; Frey, Steven K.; Sunohara, Mark; Ball, Bonnie R.; Zoski, Erin D.; Topp, Edward; Khan, Izhar U. H.; Clark, Ian D.; Lapen, David R.

doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.06.011

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The reported fate of phosphorus in woodchip bioreactors has been variable, with multiple studies indicating an increase in phosphorus at the bioreactor outlet, and others suggesting moderate P removals. Gottschall et al (2016) reported TP and DRP removals in a field study using pilot scale bioreactors of 21% and 19%, respectively. A batch study by Sharrer et al (2016) showed a release of DRP, with woodchips contributing 0.74 and 1.09 mg/L increase in effluent concentrations.…”

Section: Drp Removal Occursmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of temperature and hydraulic retention time on pathogen and nutrient removal in woodchip bioreactors

Soupir

Hoover

Law

et al. 2018

Ecological Engineering

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Woodchip denitrification bioreactors are an important edge-of-field practice for treating agricultural drainage; however, their ability to filter microbial pollutants has primarily been explored in the context of wastewater treatment. Upflow column reactors were constructed and tested for E. coli, Salmonella, NO3-N, and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 12 and 24 h and at controlled temperatures of 10 and 21.5 °C. Influent solution was spiked to 30 mg L−1 NO3-N, 2-8 × 105 E. coli and Salmonella, and 0.1 mg L−1 DRP. Microbial removal was consistently observed with removal ranging from 75 to 78% reduction at 10 °C and 90-96% at 21.5 °C. The concentration reduction ranged from 2.75 to 9.03 × 104 for both organisms. HRT had less impact on microbial removal than temperature and thus further investigation of removal under lower HRTs is warranted. Nitrate concentrations averaged 96% reduction (with load removal of 14.6 g N m−3 d−1) from 21.5 °C columns at 24 HRT and 29% reduction (with load removal of 8.8 g N m−3 d−1) from 10 °C columns at 12 HRT. DRP removal was likely temporary due to microbial uptake. While potential for removal of E. coli and Salmonella by woodchip bioreactors is demonstrated, system design will need to be considered. High concentrations of these microbial contaminants are likely to occur during peak flows, when bypass flow may be occurring. The results of this study show that woodchip bioreactors operated for nitrate removal have a secondary benefit through the removal of enteric bacteria.

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Section: Drp Removal Occursmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of temperature and hydraulic retention time on pathogen and nutrient removal in woodchip bioreactors

Soupir

Hoover

Law

et al. 2018

Ecological Engineering

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“…NO 3 − removal can be enhanced by certain hydrologic design modifications by creating an internal saturated zone or increasing flow retention time and media substrate modifications other than WTR alone (e.g., addition of reliable carbon source such as woodchips) to promote denitrification. [67] showed greater removal of NO 3 − and PO 4 3− in WTR-amended woodchip bioreactors than woodchip-only bioreactors, where bioreactors were designed to have flow retention times of >4 h. Spent lime was not a source of heavy metal pollution to the effluent (except for Ni which slightly increased with WTR by 0.003 mg L −1 ). Dissolved heavy metal concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb, Al, Fe, Ni and Zn in the leachate effluent were below the threshold of EPA drinking water standards [69][70][71].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Nitrification could explain the difference between treatments with and without spent lime if the presence of spent lime also causes conditions in which nitrification is promoted, resulting in more conversion of NH 4 + to NO 3 − , which warrants further investigation. Unlike NH 4 + and PO 4 3− removal, which are more reliant on sorption and precipitation mechanisms, NO 3 − removal is dependent upon microbial denitrification and retention times of the system [66][67][68]. NO 3 − removal can be enhanced by certain hydrologic design modifications by creating an internal saturated zone or increasing flow retention time and media substrate modifications other than WTR alone (e.g., addition of reliable carbon source such as woodchips) to promote denitrification.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Spent Lime as a Soil Amendment for Nutrient Retention in Bioretention Green Stormwater Infrastructure

Shrestha

Salzl

Jimenez

et al. 2019

Water

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The composition of bioretention soil media (BSM) is among the most critical design attributes contributing to the water quality performance of bioretention systems, as various amendments may increase the capacity for chemical sorption of certain nutrient pollutants. We investigated the spent lime (a calcium-based water treatment residual) as BSM amendments for nutrient retention. The study was conducted in two parts: the first was a field-based mesocosm experiment in which we assessed the effect of spent lime amendments on leachate nutrient concentration for treatments receiving different levels of phosphorus and nitrogen loading (simulated by different levels of compost added to the substrate). The second was a laboratory study comparing various levels of spent lime and coir on leachate nutrient concentration at two different simulated loading rates. Effluent water was collected and analyzed for PO43−, NH4+ and NO3− concentrations in the field and lab. Spent lime significantly reduced leachate PO43− concentrations (upwards of 50%) in both the field and lab mesocosm studies compared to treatments without spent lime. Reductions in NH4+ concentrations were also observed due to spent lime but with variable significance across the different compost levels, whereas NO3− concentrations were higher in plots with spent lime than plots without spent lime. In the lab, columns with coir had significantly higher leachate PO43− concentrations compared to spent lime-treated columns, however, leachate NH4+ and NO3− concentrations did not significantly differ between treatments at the same compost levels. This study shows that spent lime, which is a waste product, is effective in significantly reducing leachate PO43− concentrations from BSM, while be a cost-effective substitute to engineered proprietary media that is expensive to acquire; however, future studies must also evaluate its potential for clogging.

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“…Woodchip bioreactors are implemented in agricultural catchments to remove nitrogen through denitrification due to their large carbon contents and anaerobic medium. Gottschall et al [147], however, tested the effect of this filter medium on the retention of P as well. It was found that these systems retained on average 0.21 (21%) and 0.30 (19%) g m −3 d −1 of the total P and DRP loads, respectively, which may be attributed to P immobilization into organic forms.…”

Section: Filter Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The variability in P retention between FMs is largely caused by differences in HRT and inflow P concentration [153,154]. It is generally observed that higher mass P retention is found under increasing water flows, while percentage P retention enhances under longer HRTs, i.e., lower water flows [145,147,149,155]. This is because increasing water flows implies higher P loads for cumulative retention in a fixed volume and time period, although this reduces the contact time for a fraction of the P load to be retained [154].…”

Section: Filter Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Edge-of-Field Technologies for Phosphorus Retention from Agricultural Drainage Discharge

Mendes¹

2020

Applied Sciences

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Agriculture is often responsible for the eutrophication of surface waters due to the loss of phosphorus—a normally limiting nutrient in freshwater ecosystems. Tile-drained agricultural catchments tend to increase this problem by accelerating the transport of phosphorus through subsurface drains both in dissolved (reactive and organic phosphorus) and particulate (particle-bound phosphorus) forms. The reduction of excess phosphorus loads from agricultural catchments prior to reaching downstream surface waters is therefore necessary. Edge-of-field technologies have been investigated, developed and implemented in areas with excess phosphorus losses to receive and treat the drainage discharge, when measures at the farm-scale are not able to sufficiently reduce the loads. The implementation of these technologies shall base on the phosphorus dynamics of specific catchments (e.g., phosphorus load and dominant phosphorus form) in order to ensure that local retention goals are met. Widely accepted technologies include constructed wetlands, restored wetlands, vegetated buffer strips and filter materials. These have demonstrated a large variability in the retention of phosphorus, and results from the literature can help targeting specific catchment conditions with suitable technologies. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the currently used edge-of-field technologies for phosphorus retention in tile-drained catchments, with great focus on performance, application and limitations.

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Amending woodchip bioreactors with water treatment plant residuals to treat nitrogen, phosphorus, and veterinary antibiotic compounds in tile drainage

Cited by 28 publications

References 60 publications

Impact of temperature and hydraulic retention time on pathogen and nutrient removal in woodchip bioreactors

Impact of temperature and hydraulic retention time on pathogen and nutrient removal in woodchip bioreactors

Efficacy of Spent Lime as a Soil Amendment for Nutrient Retention in Bioretention Green Stormwater Infrastructure

Edge-of-Field Technologies for Phosphorus Retention from Agricultural Drainage Discharge

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