American ginseng: Potential structure–function relationship in cancer chemoprevention

Qi, Lian‐Wen; Wang, Chong‐Zhi; Yuan, Chun‐Su

doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.023

Cited by 231 publications

(183 citation statements)

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“…All the assayed ginsenosides were dammarane glycosides 17,19 . The influence of steaming at 100°C and 120°C on the ginsenoside content of American ginseng was tested.…”

Section: Saponin Composition Changes In Extracts During Heat-processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red American Ginseng and Breast Cancer

Wang¹,

Du²,

Yuan³

2011

Breast Cancer - Current and Alternative Therapeutic Modalities

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IntroductionBreast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed form of cancer among women. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in nearly all developed countries, showing an increased incidence over the last decades, and the expected number of new U.S. patients in 2010 would be 209,060, and the death number will be 40,230 1 . The clinical management of breast cancer invariably involves diverse conventional modalities, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation 2 . The complex characteristics of breast cancer may also require some alternative management to improve the therapeutic efficacy of conventional treatment and the quality of life for cancer patients 3 . American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is a commonly used herb in the United States which belongs to the genus Panax L. in family Araliaceae 4 . Panax is a small genus, and nearly all species in this genus are important herbal medicines, especially Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) 5 . Since Asian ginseng has been used as herbal medicine for a long history in oriental countries, many studies have been conducted on its constituents and its pharmacological effects 6 . Asian ginseng has many reported health benefits including anticancer activities 7-9 . In the 1990s, a case-control study on over a thousand Korean subjects showed that long-term ginseng consumption was associated with a decreased risk for many different cancers compared with those who did not consume ginseng 10,11 . In contrast to many studies on Asian ginseng's anticancer effects, investigation of American ginseng is limited 7 , and its mechanisms of action are largely unknown. American ginseng extracts were found to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells 12 . We previously investigated the effects of several herbal extracts on reducing chemotherapeutic side effects and found that American ginseng can attenuate cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting in a rat model, while not affecting its anticancer properties in human cancer cells 13 . In addition, the extract from American ginseng enhanced the antiproliferation effect of cisplatin on human breast cancer cells, suggesting that it possesses its own anticancer activity 13 . In Asia, ginseng root is air-dried into white ginseng or steamed at 100 °C to give red ginseng. It is believed that red ginseng is more pharmacologically effective than white ginseng 14 . The differences in the biological effects of white and red Asian ginseng are attributed to the significant changes in ginsenosides from the steaming treatment 15 . In this study, we treated American ginseng root at various temperatures and heating times. After heat-processing, the root of American ginseng, like Asian ginseng, changes from white to red; steamed P. quinquefolius root is therefore referred to as red American ginseng. www.intechopen.comBreast Cancer -Current and Alternative Therapeutic Modalities

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“…All the assayed ginsenosides were dammarane glycosides 17,19 . The influence of steaming at 100°C and 120°C on the ginsenoside content of American ginseng was tested.…”

Section: Saponin Composition Changes In Extracts During Heat-processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red American Ginseng and Breast Cancer

Wang¹,

Du²,

Yuan³

2011

Breast Cancer - Current and Alternative Therapeutic Modalities

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“…Early pharmacological investigations have demonstrated the adaptogenic effect of Renshen, which can enable the body to cope with various stress conditions [1]. Recent experimental studies have shown that Renshen or its ginsenosides produces anti-aging, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions [2][3][4][5][6]. According to the theory of Chinese medicine, Chinese tonic herbs can be classified into four functional categories, namely, "Yang-invigorating", "Yin-nourishing", "Qi-invigorating" and "Blood-enriching", with various "Shens" being categorized in the "Qi" family.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Qi-Invigorating” Chinese Tonic Herbs (Shens) Stimulate Mitochondrial ATP Generation Capacity in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes in Situ and Rat Hearts ex Vivo

Wong¹,

Cheung²,

Tang³

et al. 2012

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In the study, using ethanol extracts of Renshen (Panax ginseng C A Meyer), Xiyangshen (Panax quinquefolius L.) and Dangshen (Codonopsis pilosulae), we investigated the effect of these "Qi-invigorating" Chinese tonic herbs on mitochondrial ATP generation capacity (ATP-GC) in H9c2 cardiomyocytes in situ and rat hearts ex vivo. All three types of "Shens" stimulated mitochondrial ATP-GC, with Renshen being most potent. While a parallel enhancement in mitochondrial ATP-GC was observed in Renshen-and Xiyangshen-pretreated rats, Dangshen treatment did not produce detectable effect ex vivo. The discrepancy between in situ and ex vivo assays for Dangshen may be attributed by its limited oral-bioavailability to the heart. The tissue specific activity of Shens on mitochondrial ATP-GC may be explained by the "Meridian Theory" in traditional Chinese medicine.

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“…American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) belong to the genus Panax in which the main active constituents are steroidal saponins called ginsenosides, 145 whereas Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) is in the same family but not genus, with eleutherosides as the active component. These are commonly used herbs worldwide, consumed in various forms including as tea and other beverages.…”

Section: Ginsengmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essentials of Herb-Drug Interactions in the Elderly With Cardiovascular Disease

Sultan¹,

Maria²,

Ali³

et al. 2015

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

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American ginseng: Potential structure–function relationship in cancer chemoprevention

Cited by 231 publications

References 94 publications

Red American Ginseng and Breast Cancer

Red American Ginseng and Breast Cancer

“Qi-Invigorating” Chinese Tonic Herbs (<i>Shens</i>) Stimulate Mitochondrial ATP Generation Capacity in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes <i>in Situ</i> and Rat Hearts <i>ex Vivo</i>

Essentials of Herb-Drug Interactions in the Elderly With Cardiovascular Disease

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American ginseng: Potential structure–function relationship in cancer chemoprevention

Cited by 231 publications

References 94 publications

Red American Ginseng and Breast Cancer

Red American Ginseng and Breast Cancer

“Qi-Invigorating” Chinese Tonic Herbs (&lt;i&gt;Shens&lt;/i&gt;) Stimulate Mitochondrial ATP Generation Capacity in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes &lt;i&gt;in Situ&lt;/i&gt; and Rat Hearts &lt;i&gt;ex Vivo&lt;/i&gt;

Essentials of Herb-Drug Interactions in the Elderly With Cardiovascular Disease

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“Qi-Invigorating” Chinese Tonic Herbs (<i>Shens</i>) Stimulate Mitochondrial ATP Generation Capacity in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes <i>in Situ</i> and Rat Hearts <i>ex Vivo</i>