Amino acid availability and energy value of acorn in the Iberian pig

Nieto, R.; Rivera, Madeline E; García, M. Villegas; Aguilera, J. F.

doi:10.1016/s0301-6226(02)00040-4

Cited by 67 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…One animal, fed only on acorns and grass, can consume 7-13 kg of acorns per day while they are in the dehesa, coinciding with the end of their fattening period, when they grow from 100 to 160 kg (López-Bote, 1998;Nieto et al, 2002;Rueda, 2004). Holm oak acorns are preferably consumed than other oak species present.…”

Section: The Holm Oak and Iberian Dehesas: A Mediterranean Anthropicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acorn growth occurs in summer. Ripening and dispersion occurs from October to February of the same year, varying slightly among locations and years (Castro-Díez and Montserrat-Martí, 1998;Siscart et al, 1999;Nieto et al, 2002;Olea et al, 2004). The establishment of young seedlings occurs during the first spring after acorn dispersion (Siscart et al, 1999;Gómez, 2004;Pulido and Díaz, 2005).…”

Section: Flowering and Fruitingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acorn nutrient content values are quite variable in the literature (Table 1), especially when samples are small (Nieto et al, 2002). Acorns have high fat (4-12%) and starch content (more than 50%), but low protein content (4-6%) (López-Bote, 1998.…”

Section: Acorn Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acorn production in Spanish holm oak woodlands

2006

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We present a review on the state-of-the-art of fruit prodution in Western Iberia woodlands («dehesas»), and particularly in Q. ilex (holm oak) «dehesas». This threatened ecosystem is of very high ecological and economical importance. Quercus sp. fruits (acorns) are essential for wildlife, and for pig fattening in «dehesas». In the first part of this review we briefly describe the phenology of the holm oak and the factors affecting acorn morphology and chemical composition.In the second half we analyze the main known factors reported in the literature that determine acorn production: pruning, stand characteristics, and site (weather and soil). We make several suggestions to improve future research and detect the existing gaps in the undertanding of acorn production.Fruit production is highly variable, both between and within years and individuals. The mean production in «dehesas» (mean density circa 50 trees/ha) is around 250-600 kg/ha (≈100 g/canopy-m 2 , CV > 100%). Acorn morphology is also very variable, with mean sound acorn size around 3.5 × 1.6 cm, CV ≈ 10% (3.5 g/acorn, CV > 50%). Silviculture plays an essential role in acorn production. Acorn production per tree seems to be negatively related to density. The effect of pruning is less clear: production seems to be reduced in the first and second years after pruning. After the third year it is not possible to discern from the literature whether there is any response to pruning or not. Weather and soil (site) also impact production and their effects should be explored in future management. The influence of genetics is unknown and should also be addressed. Longer data series are necessary. The dasometric features of the stands need to be characterized, in order to better understand production and compare results from different locations. Much research is still required to understand the functioning of fruiting in these woodlands.Key words: Quercus ilex, holm oak, acorn, fruit production, dehesa, agrosilvopastoral systems. Resumen Producción de bellota en las dehesas españolas de encinaEl alto interés ecológico y económico de la producción de fruto en las dehesas ibéricas, concretamente las de encina (Quercus ilex), nos ha movido a realizar una revisión del estado actual de conocimientos. Los frutos (bellotas) de Quercus sp. resultan esenciales para la fauna salvaje y el engorde de ganado porcino en las dehesas. En la primera parte de este trabajo se describen brevemente las características fenológicas de la especie, así como los factores que influyen en la variabilidad morfológica y la composición bromatológica del fruto. En la segunda parte se analizan los factores fundamentales estudiados en la bibliografía que determinan la producción: la poda, las características dasométricas (densidad y distribución diamétrica) y la influencia del sitio (suelo y clima). Se realizan sugerencias para mejorar futuras líneas de trabajo, así como se subrayan áreas de conocimiento deficitarias.La producción es muy variable tanto intra-como interanualmente. La producció...

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Section: The Holm Oak and Iberian Dehesas: A Mediterranean Anthropicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Flowering and Fruitingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acorn production in Spanish holm oak woodlands

2006

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“…Each cage period was preceded by a 7-day period on floor for adaptation to diet and lasted 7 days. Trial was composed of a phase of adaptation (3 days) and a phase of collection of faeces samples and of total urine (on 4 days) according to the methodology proposed by Schiavon et al (1996) and in line with other total tract digestibility trials (Canh et al, 1998;Nieto et al, 2002). Two groups of three animals were set up for each breed and they were alternatively employed as shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Animals Design and Dietsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Actually, few information on the optimal content of dietary protein for local pigs are available. On Iberian pig, studies tested the protein requirement from 15 to 50 kg (Nieto et al, 2002) or from 50 to 100 kg of body weight (Barea et al, 2006) and indicated the optimal protein content of the diet should be 130 and 95 g/kg of DM, until 50 kg and from 50 to 100 kg of body weight, respectively. On Cinta Senese, a local breed of Tuscany, Sirtori et al (2010) reported that 100 g/kg of dietary protein can be used beyond 70 kg of body weight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of total tract digestibility and nitrogen balance between Cinta Senese and Large White pigs fed on different levels of dietary crude protein

Acciaioli

Sirtori

Pianaccioli

et al. 2011

Animal Feed Science and Technology

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a b s t r a c tThe work aimed to study the digestive capacity and nitrogen balance of Cinta Senese pig fed diets with different crude protein (CP) content. Twelve castrated male pigs (6 Cinta Senese and 6 Large White), of the same body weight (on average 62.7 kg), were submitted to 8 subsequent trials of total tract digestibility and nitrogen balance. The pigs were kept in metabolism cages allowing collection of faeces samples and total urine. The diets, of exclusive vegetal origin, were formulated to contain four protein levels 70, 100, 130 and 160 g/kg as fed (named CP7, CP10, CP13 and CP16, respectively) assured mainly by soybean meal. Total tract nutrient apparent digestibility did not differ (P>0.05) between breeds. Apparent digestibility of CP increased (P<0.01) with increasing dietary CP (from 0.756 to 0.874 for Cinta Senese and from 0.742 to 0.868 for Large White), as consequence of faecal endogenous nitrogen which underestimates the digestibility of protein in inverse proportion with its amount in the diet. Nitrogen balance showed that breed differences (P<0.01) emerged for the urinary N and the total excreted N, with higher emission in Cinta Senese than in Large White breed. The difference was not significant at CP7 diet (excreted N: 19.4 vs. 17.1 g/d for Cinta Senese and Large White) but became progressively more important (P<0.01) in the diets with higher CP content (excreted N at CP16 diet: 39 vs. 35.4 g/d for Cinta Senese and Large White). Consequently, Large White retained more nitrogen than Cinta Senese (about +2.6; +3.0; +3.4; +3.8 g/d with CP7; CP10; CP13; CP16 diet, respectively; P<0.01). So, the efficiency of N utilization (retained N/absorbed N), favoured the Large White in all the tested diets (P<0.01). These results suggest to limit the CP content in diets for Cinta Senese breed, to reduce nitrogen pollution in the environment.

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Ileal digestibility of defatted soybean, lupin and chickpea seed meals in cannulated Iberian pigs: I. Proteins

Rubio

2005

J Sci Food Agric

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Five castrated male Iberian pigs (100 ± 2 kg body weight) fitted with T-shaped cannulas at the terminal ileum were used to determine ileal digestibility of legume seed meals. The diets were based on defatted soybean, lupin or chickpea seed meals and contained similar levels of digestible energy (14.2-15.1 kJ g −1 ) and protein (107 g kg −1 ). Protein-free and a hydrolysed casein diets were used to study endogenous ileal amino acid flows. Chromium oxide (10 g kg −1 diet) was added to the diets as an indigestible marker. Ileal flows in pigs fed the hydrolysed casein diet were different (p < 0.05) in amino acid contents and composition from those on the protein-free diet. Ileal sialic acid flows in pigs fed lupin-or chickpeabased diets were higher (p < 0.05) than those of animals fed soybean or casein diets. Among essential amino acids, only the apparent ileal digestibilities of phenylalanine and valine in lupin meal were lower (p < 0.05) than those in soybean. Apparent ileal digestibilities of lupin aspartate and proline, together with chickpea aspartate, were also lower (p < 0.05) than those of soybean. True ileal digestibility of nitrogen in pigs fed lupin or chickpea meals, calculated according to values from animals fed the protein-free diet, was lower (p < 0.05) than that for soybean or casein. Among individual essential amino acids, only the true ileal digestibility of phenylalanine in lupin was lower (p < 0.05) than that in soybean. True ileal digestibility of nitrogen calculated according to values obtained with pigs fed a hydrolysed casein diet was not different among soybean, lupin or chickpea meals. Among essential amino acids, only the true ileal digestibilities of isoleucine and lysine in chickpea were lower (p < 0.05) than those of soybean. It is concluded that true ileal nitrogen and amino acid digestibilities of lupin and chickpea meals are comparable to those of defatted soybean in Iberian pigs. The results with protein-free diets tended to underestimate endogenous protein secretion in pigs fed on diets containing protein.

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Amino acid availability and energy value of acorn in the Iberian pig

Cited by 67 publications

References 16 publications

Acorn production in Spanish holm oak woodlands

Acorn production in Spanish holm oak woodlands

Comparison of total tract digestibility and nitrogen balance between Cinta Senese and Large White pigs fed on different levels of dietary crude protein

Ileal digestibility of defatted soybean, lupin and chickpea seed meals in cannulated Iberian pigs: I. Proteins

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