We
study the effect of the microenvironment on writing chemical
patterns into spirothiopyran monolayers over large areas in a single
step with light. Surfaces functionalized with photoresponsive spirothiopyran
are fabricated by chemically modifying amine-terminated monolayers.
The merocyanine isomer selectively participates in a thiol-Michael
addition reaction with maleimide-functionalized molecules, rendering
these surfaces ideal for fast, mask-less direct writing. The local
microenvironment of spirothiopyran is found to strongly influence
the kinetics of photoswitching. The quantum yield of ring opening
is found to be 17 times faster for spirothiopyran surrounded by a
locally charged environment rich in guanidinium diluent molecules
as compared to a closed-packed monolayer without diluents. Hydrophilic
environments are also found to improve the kinetics of ring closing.
Optimization of the diluent concentration leads to dramatic improvements
in both contrast and yield of direct writing. This enables the monolayer
to be used for maskless two-color photopatterning in which spatial
control over patterning is obtained by varying the relative intensity
of incident UV and green light. These experiments demonstrate the
capacity of spirothiopyran monolayers to serve as a versatile toolbox
for rapid, large-area surface functionalization.