Ammonia as a Spark Ignition Engine Fuel: Theory and Application

Combustion and emissions characteristics of compression-ignition engine using dual ammonia-diesel fuel

“…Various research groups were funded by this project and produced technical papers on the subject. Starkman et al (1966) studied spark-ignition (SI) application exclusively. Gray et al (1966) studied compressionignition (CI) application exclusively.…”

“…Spark-ignition engine tests were performed on a single cylinder cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine by Starkman et al (1966). Compression ratios were varied from 6:1 to 10:1.…”

“…Introduction was a simple standpipe into the intake. Starkman et al (1966) demonstrated that in order to combust anhydrous ammonia as a fuel in a SI engine, the ammonia must be introduced as a vapor and be partly decomposed into hydrogen and nitrogen with the minimum ammonia decomposition being 4-5% by weight of ammonia. Ammonia decomposition was accomplished by running the ammonia fuel stream through an electrically heated stainless steel catalyst chamber which was loosely filled with a pelletized activated iron catalyst.…”

Nitrogen‐Based Fuels: A Power‐to‐Fuel‐to‐Power Analysis

“…[39,41] Given that in future H 2 will be derived from water splitting, the overall process of ammonia production is represented by Reaction (R2). [39,41] Ammonia can be used in internal combustion engines and diesel engines with little modification, [42][43][44] as well as gas turbines [45,46] and rocket engines. [47] N 2ðgÞ þ3H 2 Ammonia production using renewable intermittent energy is technically feasible with current technologies.…”

Nitrogen‐Based Alternative Fuels: Progress and Future Prospects

“…Ammonia can be used in internal combustione ngines and diesele ngines with little modification, [44][45][46] as well as in gas turbines, [47,48] and could also fuel cars. [49] Hydrazine (N 2 H 4 )w as also previously suggested as an itrogen-basedf uel, [50,51] yet even am inimal exposure to hydrazine poses severe health hazards.…”