Amperometric Biosensor and Front-End Electronics for Remote Glucose Monitoring by Crosslinked PEDOT-Glucose Oxidase

Abstract

Focusing on the interplay between interface chem-1 istry, electrochemistry, and integrated electronics, we show a 2 novel low-cost and flexible biosensing platform for continuous 3 glucose monitoring. The amperometric biosensing system features 4 a planar three-electrode structure on a plastic substrate, and 5 a wireless NFC-powered electronic system performing sensor AQ:1 6 analog front-end, A/D conversion, digital control, and display 7 tasks. The working electrode is made of electropolymerized poly 8 (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) film onto a polyethylene terephtha-9 late/gold electrode followed by immobilization of cross-linked 10 glucose oxidase by glutaraldehyde. The advantages offered by 11 such a device, including low-cost materials and instrumentation 12 as well as the good sensitivity of 9.24 µA/(mM • cm 2) are 13 promising tools for point-of-care monitoring. It is demonstrated 14 that the devices are good candidates for the development of 15 advanced sensing approaches based on the investigation of the 16 noise produced during operation (fluctuation-enhanced sensing).

Recent Progress in Wireless Sensors for Wearable Electronics

“…The resulting wireless sensor could detect uric acid at a concentration of 50 µM, and the signal was transmitted to a computer via a Bluetooth module for four hours [112]. In order to achieve miniaturization and to ensure stability in a wet biofluidic environment, a significant amount of research was previously conducted in which power was supplied by wireless power transfer without an internal battery [3,26,27,113,114]. Park et al developed a sensor system using the amperometric glucose sensing (Figure 4b) and presented the signal by the operation of a light-emitting diode that was wirelessly powered by the inductive coupling of an antenna [3].…”

Recent Developments in Printing Flexible and Wearable Sensing Electronics for Healthcare Applications

“…In vivo measurements, as shown in Figure 6 , enabled by wearable and implantable glucose sensors, are attractive, as they help the continuous real-time monitoring of patients for quick self-assessment [ 45 ]. New approaches, i.e., Internet of things, enable medical experts to monitor and advise patients remotely through the design of cloud-based systems [ 59 ]. Several proof-of-concept models were proposed recently and were tested for real-time glucose monitoring.…”

Layered Double Hydroxides: A Toolbox for Chemistry and Biology

“…In general, the class of enzyme-based biosensors is featured with high costs and low stability, being their response potentially affected by factors such as temperature, pH, and ionic strength [161,162]. For these reasons, recent research efforts were focused on the fabrication of enzyme-free biosensors mostly based on the functionalization of electrodes with functional nanomaterials, benefiting from low costs, rapid response, high sensitivity [163], and from the possibility to enhancing electrode activity providing much more accessible exposed active sites as well as to provide convenient ion/electron transport channels for electrochemical detection of analyte molecules.…”