An Active School Transport Instrument to Measure Parental Intentions: The Case of Indonesia

Abstract

An active school transport (AST) instrument to measure parental intentions in a developing country context with 11 latent constructs and 108 measuring items has been created as part of an integrated framework, including psychological and social cognitive constructs, perceived environmental constructs, and habit constructs. The purpose of the current study is to develop and carry out the initial validation of these construct items for measuring parental intentions to promote AST in the context of a developing country. Three experts assigned a content validity index (CVI) to the measurement items and evaluated them based on the item-CVI (I-CVI) and the scale-level-CVI (S-CVI). A pilot study was conducted to test the validity and reliability of the construct items in Palembang, Indonesia, with 34 parents of school-aged children returning the instruments to be analyzed using SPSS Version 23. It was discovered that 93 items were legitimate, since their R values were greater than 0.3, and it was determined that 11 constructs were reliable because the measured items revealed a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient range of 0.8–0.9 (very good) to >0.9. (excellent). This instrument met the requirements for good validity and reliability and thus, can contribute as a novel instrument to measure parental intentions towards AST, especially in developing countries in Asia, particularly Indonesia.

Validating the Perceived Active School Travel Enablers and Barriers–Parent (PASTEB–P) Questionnaire to Support Intervention Programming and Research

“…The collective range of items contained within the PASTEB-P includes considerations related to previously documented AST correlates such as perceptions of neighbourhood safety, pedestrian safety [28], traffic and vehicular dangers [80], street crossings, and trip companions [43], among others. These measures and constructs within the PASTEB-P reflect a set of socio-ecological constructs and appear to align well with similar existing work: a recently developed AST instrument designed to measure parental intentions examined perceived environmental barriers (e.g., sidewalk availability) and neighbourhood environment (e.g., traffic) constructs [81], and another behavioural beliefs (e.g., independence) constructs [50], while a similar previously validated Safe Routes parental survey featured a number of analogous questions regarding trip companions and perceived safety considerations [82]. Such consistency between our questionnaire and other related tools reaffirms the relevance and comprehensiveness of the PASTEB-P as an AST intervention and research tool.…”

“…These new perceptual measures included in the PASTEB-P represent new tools for practitioners involved in community-, school-, or family-level AST programmes, such as STP, walking school buses, and school cycling programmes, to use in their programme development and evaluation processes. While other measures such as Bastem et al's [81] and Forsberg et al's [50] AST instrument to measure parental/guardian intentions offer more theoretically-oriented parental/guardian perception measures (e.g., constructs related to the Theory of Planned Behaviour), the PASTEB-P was designed with the intention of supporting AST initiatives aligned with the six Es of the Safe Routes to School National Partnership [47]. Precisely, the comparatively shorter PASTEB-P contains items and constructs related to each of the Es-engagement (e.g., enjoyment), equity (e.g., supportive environments), engineering (e.g., environment safety), encouragement (e.g., supportive environments), education (e.g., skills), and evaluation (the tool itself)-and thus offers programme designers and evaluators a coherent set of reliable and suitable measures to evaluate the effectiveness of their interventions across these recognised aims and criteria.…”

Bicycling and Walking to and from School: Does It Affect Students' Body Mass Index and Aerobic Capacity?

“…Children and adolescents worldwide are reported to have low physical activity levels (Bastam et al, 2022;Guthold et al, 2020). In fact, 6% of deaths worldwide are caused by lack of physical activity (WHO, 2010).…”