An Adaptation Level Theory of Tinnitus Audibility

Abstract

Models of tinnitus suggest roles for auditory, attention, and emotional networks in tinnitus perception. A model of tinnitus audibility based on Helson’s (1964) adaptation level theory (ALT) is hypothesized to explain the relationship between tinnitus audibility, personality, memory, and attention. This theory attempts to describe how tinnitus audibility or detectability might change with experience and context. The basis of ALT and potential role of auditory scene analysis in tinnitus perception are discussed. The proposed psychoacoustic model lends itself to incorporation into existing neurophysiological models of tinnitus perception. It is hoped that the ALT hypothesis will allow for greater empirical investigation of factors influencing tinnitus perception, such as attention and tinnitus sound therapies.

Methodology for studying the transient effects of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with auditory residual inhibition on tinnitus

“…The sound used to produce RI may have led to a loudness recalibration, which may negate any effect on the MML. Searchfield et al (2012) proposed an adaptation level theory for tinnitus; in which the overall tinnitus perception is the weighted mean of: (1) The tinnitus "signal", (2) background sound and (3) residuals (the sum of factors such as past experience (i.e. memory) physiological state (arousal) and personality).…”

Tinnitus Suppression by Intracochlear Electrical Stimulation in Single-Sided Deafness: A Prospective Clinical Trial - Part I

“…Is this suppression due to the reversal of the assumed maladaptive plasticity or is it simply the shift in attention from the tinnitus to environmental sound and therefore less awareness that reduces tinnitus perception [Searchfield et al, 2012]? The former mechanism is supported by the presence of residual inhibition in many patients, a persistency in the tinnitus reduction after the stimulation is deactivated [Osaki et al, 2005;Arts et al, 2015].…”

Toward Development of a Tinnitus Magnitude Index

“…The contextual features of the ALT model (background, memories, arousal, personality, and cognitive and psychological variables) may be instrumental in defining the tinnitus magnitude component of the cognitivebehavioral model. The ALT model predicts that the perceived magnitude of tinnitus should be reduced by appropriate sound therapy and attention training (Searchfield et al 2012). Systematic study is needed to elucidate the effects of these features on the perception of tinnitus magnitude.…”

“…ALT can be expressed as a mathematical formula that incorporates all the relevant factors. Applying ALT to tinnitus, Searchfield et al (2012) suggest that the perceived magnitude of tinnitus is determined by the relative weights of these features.…”

“…Thus a "cognitive-behavioral" model of tinnitus distress has the potential to inform interventions that can target cognitive and behavioral mediators, thereby improving patient-centered care for the many individuals distressed by tinnitus. Searchfield et al (2012) recently addressed many of the theoretical aspects underpinning magnitude estimation of tinnitus. These authors stated that the perceived loudness of tinnitus is one of a number of factors that contribute to the "audibility" of tinnitus, that is, to tinnitus "being heard."…”