An Analysis and Comparison of Soccer Shin Guards

Bir, Cynthia; Cassatta, Stephen J.; Janda, David H.

doi:10.1097/00042752-199504000-00005

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Peak impact force varied between 20% and 70% and time-to-peak impact force varied between 5% and 75% and, on first inspection, appear reasonable. The values are similar to those recorded for soccer shin guards (40%–77%)15 and given that shoulder pad designers have considerably lesser freedom in terms of both governing regulations and playability requirements, the attenuation achieved could be considered an engineering success and may be the critical difference between ligament sprain or rupture. From this perspective, it may be argued that shoulder pads are beneficial to the game.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

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The effect of rugby shoulder padding on peak impact force attenuation

Harris

Spears

2010

Br J Sports Med

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ObjectiveThe introduction of shoulder pads has coincided with a rise in shoulder impact injuries in the game of rugby. In this study, the effect of shoulder pads on impact force attenuation was quantified.DesignFour different commercially available shoulder pads were tested for material properties. Hard and soft objects were dropped from predetermined heights onto a force plate imparting peak impact forces of 500, 1000 and 1500 N. The pads were then placed on the plate and subjected to 10 repeated impacts for each pad and drop height.SettingInstitutional laboratory setting.Main outcome measurementsPeak force attenuation, expressed as the percentage reduction of peak force when compared with the no-pad condition, was calculated. Time to peak impact, expressed as the percentage increase of time to peak impact when compared with the no-pad condition, was calculated.ResultsAll pads were found to reduce peak impact force and increase time to peak impact. Results varied between 1% and 70%, depending on the drop height and properties of the impactor. The best performing pad was the thickest, and all pads were best able to attenuate force under hardobject impacts particularly for the lower loads.ConclusionAlthough several limitations exist to laboratory-based studies such as these, the inconsistencies in force attenuation were nonetheless disappointing. The pads appear to ‘‘bottom out’’ under higher-impact loads and therefore offer little protection when the athlete may need it most.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…As of yet, there have been no published scientific studies attempting to assess the protection offered by shoulder pads. It is generally recognised that an important function of any protective gear is the reduction of impact force exerted on the body 15. The aim of this study is to quantify peak force attenuation of commercially available shoulder pads.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of rugby shoulder padding on peak impact force attenuation

Harris

Spears

2010

Br J Sports Med

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“…It is therefore evident that the instep soccer kick is a complex maneuver, on which the outcome of a soccer game depends [ 12 , 13 ]. Thus, players are expected to perform this “routine action” at their maximum potential every time they kick the ball to score.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A non-randomised experimental feasibility study into the immediate effect of three different spinal manipulative protocols on kicking speed performance in soccer players

Deutschmann¹,

Jones²,

Korporaal

2015

Chiropr Man Therap

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BackgroundThe most utilized soccer kicking method is the instep kicking technique. Decreased motion in spinal joint segments results in adverse biomechanical changes within in the kinematic chain. These changes may be linked to a negative impact on soccer performance. This study tested the immediate effect of lumbar spine and sacroiliac manipulation alone and in combination on the kicking speed of uninjured soccer players.MethodsThis 2010 prospective, pre-post experimental, single-blinded (subject) required forty asymptomatic soccer players, from regional premier league teams, who were purposively allocated to one of four groups (based on the evaluation of the players by two blinded motion palpators). Segment dysfunction was either localized to the lumbar spine (Group 1), sacroiliac joint (Group 2), the lumbar spine and sacroiliac joint (Group 3) or not present in the sham laser group (Group 4). All players underwent a standardized warm-up before the pre-measurements. Manipulative intervention followed after which post-measurements were completed. Measurement outcomes included range of motion changes (digital inclinometer); kicking speed (Speed Trac™ Speed Sport Radar) and the subjects’ perception of a change in kicking speed. SPSS version 15.0 was used to analyse the data, with repeated measures ANOVA and a p-value <0.05 (CI 95%).ResultsLumbar spine manipulation resulted in significant range of motion increases in left and right rotation. Sacroiliac manipulation resulted in no significant changes in the lumbar range of motion. Combination manipulative interventions resulted in significant range of motion increases in lumbar extension, right rotation and right SI joint flexion. There was a significant increase in kicking speed post intervention for all three manipulative intervention groups (when compared to sham). A significant correlation was seen between Likert based-scale subjects’ perception of change in kicking speed post intervention and the objective results obtained.ConclusionsThis pilot study showed that lumbar spine manipulation combined with SI joint manipulation, resulted in an effective intervention for short-term increases in kicking speed/performance. However, the lack of an a priori analysis, a larger sample size and an unblinded outcome measures assessor requires that this study be repeated, addressing these concerns and for these outcomes to be validated.

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“…This finding should be used with caution due to the small sample size and limited use of shin guards as reported by Bir et al 30 . In this study, there were few leg or shin injuries which were congruent with a study by Mtshali et al 16 .…”

Section: Injury Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 59%