An Early History of Phage Therapy in the United States: Is it Time to Reconsider?

Aswani, Vijay; Shukla, Sanjay Kumar

doi:10.3121/cmr.2021.1605

Cited by 19 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…Bacteriophages are viruses that exclusively infect bacteria. Although there were arguments regarding the discovery of phages, it has been acknowledged that the first scientists to discover the phages were William Twort and Felix d'Herelle [82,83]. Twort, an English medical bacteriologist, postulated that viruses were the causative agents of this phenomenon after observing a similar process in Micrococcus [84][85][86].…”

Section: Bacteriophagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Properties of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Specific Bacteriophages: Recent Advances for Food Safety

Oluwarinde,

Ajose,

Abolarinwa

et al. 2023

Foods

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Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is typically detected on food products mainly due to cross-contamination with faecal matter. The serotype O157:H7 has been of major public health concern due to the severity of illness caused, prevalence, and management. In the food chain, the main methods of controlling contamination by foodborne pathogens often involve the application of antimicrobial agents, which are now becoming less efficient. There is a growing need for the development of new approaches to combat these pathogens, especially those that harbour antimicrobial resistant and virulent determinants. Strategies to also limit their presence on food contact surfaces and food matrices are needed to prevent their transmission. Recent studies have revealed that bacteriophages are useful non-antibiotic options for biocontrol of E. coli O157:H7 in both animals and humans. Phage biocontrol can significantly reduce E. coli O157:H7, thereby improving food safety. However, before being certified as potential biocontrol agents, the safety of the phage candidates must be resolved to satisfy regulatory standards, particularly regarding phage resistance, antigenic properties, and toxigenic properties. In this review, we provide a general description of the main virulence elements of E. coli O157:H7 and present detailed reports that support the proposals that phages infecting E. coli O157:H7 are potential biocontrol agents. This paper also outlines the mechanism of E. coli O157:H7 resistance to phages and the safety concerns associated with the use of phages as a biocontrol.

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Section: Bacteriophagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Properties of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Specific Bacteriophages: Recent Advances for Food Safety

Oluwarinde,

Ajose,

Abolarinwa

et al. 2023

Foods

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“…Phage therapy was utilized for years, but with the discovery and popularization of antibiotics a few decades later, phages were largely forgotten as therapeutics [10]. As rates of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections continue to rise precipitously, phage therapy research has regained its popularity [11][12][13][14][15]. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem, with many multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria emerging every year, including the appearance of so called "pan-resistant" strains, which are resistant to all or nearly all antibiotics on the market [16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Broader Applications Of the Viruses Of Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phages can also be genetically engineered to exhibit broad spectrum antimicrobial activity [26,[36][37][38][39], as this is necessary for the swift treatment of unknown and potentially lethal infections. Phage therapy is legal and commonly employed in several countries, including Georgia, Poland, and Russia [40], while it can only be used as a last resort in other countries including the United States, Australia, and a number of western European nations [12,40].…”

Section: Broader Applications Of the Viruses Of Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Flagellotropic Bacteriophages: Opportunities and Challenges for Antimicrobial Applications

Esteves

Scharf

2022

IJMS

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Bacteriophages (phages) are the most abundant biological entities in the biosphere. As viruses that solely infect bacteria, phages have myriad healthcare and agricultural applications including phage therapy and antibacterial treatments in the foodservice industry. Phage therapy has been explored since the turn of the twentieth century but was no longer prioritized following the invention of antibiotics. As we approach a post-antibiotic society, phage therapy research has experienced a significant resurgence for the use of phages against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, a growing concern in modern medicine. Phages are extraordinarily diverse, as are their host receptor targets. Flagellotropic (flagellum-dependent) phages begin their infection cycle by attaching to the flagellum of their motile host, although the later stages of the infection process of most of these phages remain elusive. Flagella are helical appendages required for swimming and swarming motility and are also of great importance for virulence in many pathogenic bacteria of clinical relevance. Not only is bacterial motility itself frequently important for virulence, as it allows pathogenic bacteria to move toward their host and find nutrients more effectively, but flagella can also serve additional functions including mediating bacterial adhesion to surfaces. Flagella are also a potent antigen recognized by the human immune system. Phages utilizing the flagellum for infections are of particular interest due to the unique evolutionary tradeoff they force upon their hosts: by downregulating or abolishing motility to escape infection by a flagellotropic phage, a pathogenic bacterium would also likely attenuate its virulence. This factor may lead to flagellotropic phages becoming especially potent antibacterial agents. This review outlines past, present, and future research of flagellotropic phages, including their molecular mechanisms of infection and potential future applications.

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“…This strategy leads to promising features for phage delivery in the bone environment, with adequate tissue response and biosafety profiles, strong osteogenic and mineralization response, and excellent antimicrobial activity by inhibiting the attachment and colonization of multidrug-resistant bacteria surrounding and inside the femoral tissues [ 17 ]. In 2019, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first United States (US) clinical trial for intravenous phage therapy [ 108 ]; however, there are still limitations, such as the production of robust and standardized phage preparations, the limited number of in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, and so more testing is required to allow phage therapy to become a standardized and well-accepted strategy in clinical practice.…”

Section: Bioengineering Materials As Therapeutic Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioengineering Approaches to Fight against Orthopedic Biomaterials Related-Infections

Barros

Monteiro

Ferraz

2022

IJMS

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One of the most serious complications following the implantation of orthopedic biomaterials is the development of infection. Orthopedic implant-related infections do not only entail clinical problems and patient suffering, but also cause a burden on healthcare care systems. Additionally, the ageing of the world population, in particular in developed countries, has led to an increase in the population above 60 years. This is a significantly vulnerable population segment insofar as biomaterials use is concerned. Implanted materials are highly susceptible to bacterial and fungal colonization and the consequent infection. These microorganisms are often opportunistic, taking advantage of the weakening of the body defenses at the implant surface–tissue interface to attach to tissues or implant surfaces, instigating biofilm formation and subsequent development of infection. The establishment of biofilm leads to tissue destruction, systemic dissemination of the pathogen, and dysfunction of the implant/bone joint, leading to implant failure. Moreover, the contaminated implant can be a reservoir for infection of the surrounding tissue where microorganisms are protected. Therefore, the biofilm increases the pathogenesis of infection since that structure offers protection against host defenses and antimicrobial therapies. Additionally, the rapid emergence of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics prompted the development of new alternative approaches to prevent and control implant-related infections. Several concepts and approaches have been developed to obtain biomaterials endowed with anti-infective properties. In this review, several anti-infective strategies based on biomaterial engineering are described and discussed in terms of design and fabrication, mechanisms of action, benefits, and drawbacks for preventing and treating orthopaedic biomaterials-related infections.

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An Early History of Phage Therapy in the United States: Is it Time to Reconsider?

Cited by 19 publications

References 37 publications

Safety Properties of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Specific Bacteriophages: Recent Advances for Food Safety

Safety Properties of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Specific Bacteriophages: Recent Advances for Food Safety

Flagellotropic Bacteriophages: Opportunities and Challenges for Antimicrobial Applications

Bioengineering Approaches to Fight against Orthopedic Biomaterials Related-Infections

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