An Efficient Catalyst for the Conversion of Fructose into Methyl Levulinate

Liu, Yan; Liu, Chunling; Wu, Haizhen; Dong, Wen‐Sheng

doi:10.1007/s10562-013-1094-3

Cited by 45 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Compared with other prepared phosphotungstates, Ag-HPW-1, Fe-HPW-1, and K-HPW-1 showed high catalytic activity in terms of synthesis of ethyl levulinate from fructose with yield of 58.1, 52.4, and 50.8 mol%, respectively. However, it was found that Fe-HPW-1 can be dissolved in ethanol, and high volatile and flammable diethyl ether has to be used to recover it [20]. Although ethyl levulinate yield obtained catalyzed by Ag-HPW-1 was a little higher than that of K-HPW-1, AgNO3 that was used to synthesize Ag-HPW-1 was much more expensive than KCl used to synthesize K-HPW-1.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Ethyl Levulinate From Fructose Over Various Catmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the catalyst was calcined at 300 °C for 4 h. These prepared catalysts are designated as Cs-HPW-1, Cs-HPW-2.5, Ag-HPW-1, K-HPW-1, K-HPW-2, K-HPW-3, and Sn-HPW-0.75 according to the stoichiometry. Fe-HPW-1 was prepared according to Liu's report [20].…”

Section: Catalysts Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among various heterogeneous catalysts, Keggin-type heteropolyacid H3PW12O40 (HPW) with a strong Brønsted acidity has attracted much attention [19], but its application was limited due to the high solubility in water and polar solvents. [20]. However, Fe-HPW-1 is soluble in the methanol medium, and has to be extracted by diethyl ether for the next use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct Conversion of Carbohydrates into Ethyl Levulinate with Potassium Phosphotungstate as an Efficient Catalyst

Zhao

Chang

et al. 2015

Catalysts

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A series of metal-modified phosphotungstates were prepared and performed for direct synthesis of ethyl levulinate from fructose in ethanol. Considering the cost of catalysts, catalytic activity of catalysts, and easy separation of catalysts together, K-HPW-1 was chosen as the most suitable catalyst for synthesis of ethyl levulinate from fructose. A high ethyl levulinate yield of 64.6 mol% was obtained at 150 °C within 2 h in ethanol. The introduction of low polar toluene as a co-solvent improved the yield of ethyl levulinate to 68.7 mol%. The recovered catalyst remained high activity with the yield of ethyl levulinate converted from fructose above 50 mol% after being used five times. Moreover, the generality of the catalyst was further demonstrated by glucose, sucrose, inulin, and cellulose with ethyl levulinate yielding 14.5, 35.4, 52.3, and 14.8 mol%, respectively.

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Section: Synthesis Of Ethyl Levulinate From Fructose Over Various Catmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Catalysts Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Direct Conversion of Carbohydrates into Ethyl Levulinate with Potassium Phosphotungstate as an Efficient Catalyst

Zhao

Chang

et al. 2015

Catalysts

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“…This has meant that the latest studies have focused on the direct conversion of carbohydrates derived from biomass to levulinate esters because the synthetic technique is simple, the products are purified easily by distillation and wastewater is minimized [21]. Some studies have reported alternative ways of converting mono-sugars (simple model compounds) into levulinate esters, such as fructose, glucose and cellulose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies have reported alternative ways of converting mono-sugars (simple model compounds) into levulinate esters, such as fructose, glucose and cellulose. Liu [21] reported converting fructose to MLA with a 73.7% yield at 130°C using a Fe-HPW-1 catalyst. Tominaga et al [22] investigated an efficient catalyst for MLA synthesis from glucose by combining two different kinds of acids, and achieved a MLA yield of 75%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%