An Electrode Mechanism for the Electrochemical Reduction of M-dinitrobenzene

Jackson, G. W.; Dereska, J. S.

doi:10.1149/1.2423404

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…It was reported that A7-nitroanabasine reduces to A'-hydroxylaminoanabasine and then to iV-aminoanabasine (836,837). A two-stage reduction of four electrons each with 3-nitrophenylhydroxylamine, the product of the first, and ?n-dihydroxylamine benzene, the product of the second was reported for m-dinitrobenzene (322). o-Dinitrobenzene was found to be reduced in strongly acidic solution to o-quinonediimine which rapidly converts to 2,3diaminophenazine and 2-hydroxy-3aminophenazine.…”

Section: Irreversible Systemsmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Organic Polarography

Pietrzyk¹

1966

Anal. Chem.

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HIS REVIEW covers articles which T have appeared in Chemical Abstracts and readily available journals during the two-year period ending November 1, 1965. As in the past, duplications and reinvestigations of previous work appear widely, and the tendency for authors to publish the same work in more than one journal has continued.This period has seen the publication of a special issue of Talanta honoring the 70th year for Professor Izaak If. Kolthoff (411). This issue is comprised entirely of invited contributions of his former students and associates and a list of Professor Kolthoff's past publications. Best wishes go to Professor Kolthoff for many more years of fruitful labor.Polarographic advances in Japan ( m 4 , 800, 801) and in Prague (429) were reviewed. The use of electron spin resonance spectrometry in evaluating electrode reactions in which free radicals are formed has continued t o grow (3, 25). Books dealing with "Polarography of Polymers'' (64) and "Organic Polarographic Analysis" (947) hare been published. Two books containing a listing of literature covering polarography through 1964 also became available (340,341 ) Yunierous reviews have appeared on the applications of polarography to pesticide analysis (98,224,226,524), lignin chemistry (627), cytostatically active compounds ($239, smoke analysis (700), proteins (114, 567,893), pharmaceuticals and drugs (1 74, 242, 249,329, 659,917), petroleum analysis (171 , 318,942), polymers (63), biocheniical analysis (661)) feed medicament analysis (9), clinical chemistry (104) , and enzyme activity (435). Other reviews have covered organic analysis (119,169,830,331) , organic polarography (496, 543, 583,773,805,897,914,946) and application to electrochemical synthesis (28.5) * Specialized polarographic reviews were concerned with alkaloids and their analysis (706), the effect of pH on halfwave potentials (176), utilization in assigning ring and chain structures and following the rate of tautomerism (344), polarography of enediols (log), substituted 3-phenyl-sydnones (767) , carbon disulfide and derivatives (639) and organic peroxides (269), the study of electron and proton transfer (6), the progress and problems in electrode kinetics (84) and the techniques for studying kinetics of oxidation (210).Reviews on adsorption of organic compounds at electrode surfaces (13, 218,443) and effect on reduction (493), a theoretical treatment of adsorption (136), and studies in adsorption isotherms (148) have appeared. Oscillographic and alternating current polarography were used to study the effects of anionic, cationic, and neutral surface active agents on polarographic analysis (337). Additional studies on adsorption are included under specific compounds.Studies in nonaqueous media have been reviewed (199,253,412). Other studies, however, mere concerned with the effects of different solvents on polarographic active compounds ($11, 71 9 ) .Work on the correlation of half-wave potentials with various constants continues. The relationship between halfwave potential...

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Section: Irreversible Systemsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…A two-stage reduction of four electrons each with S-nitrophenylhydroxylamine, the product of the first, and m-dihydroxylamine benzene, the product of t'he second was reported for m-dinitrobenzene (322).…”

Section: Acids and Their Derivatives Ilmentioning

confidence: 98%

Organic Polarography

Pietrzyk¹

1966

Anal. Chem.

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“…References to the hundreds of succeeding studies on nitro-reduction are available from the review on cathode reduction and standard compilations (1,111). The possible use of polynitrobenzenes as battery depolarizers has motivated still further study (3,46,47,52,53,62,87,113,116). However, many of these studies have taken place at potentially catalytically poisoning mercury electrodes.…”

Section: Electrogenerative Reduction Of Nitro Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrogenerative and Voltameiotic Processes

Langer¹,

Sakellaropoulos²

1979

Ind. Eng. Chem. Proc. Des. Dev.

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Electrogenerative processes are explained and reviewed and compared with conventional electrochemical and heterogeneous catalytic processes. These processes exploit favorable reaction thermodynamics to recover byproduct electric energy while a useful chemical is produced. Factors and considerations involved In the design and operation of electrogenerative reactors are also discussed. Electrochemical operation often is extended to previously unexplored electrochemical potential regions and selectivity may be altered. Ready control of reaction rate with the removal of energy, in a useful form, and creation of favorable reaction conditions make the electrogenerative mode attractive for some highly exothermic reactions. Related voltameiotic processes for endothermic changes also are defined and their advantages explained and illustrated.

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“…(1) vermuten konnte. Bei pH-Werten > 2 wird das m-Dinitrobenzol in zwei nacheinander ablaufenden 4-Elektronenschritten reduziert [5], wobei zunlchst m-Nitrophenylhydroxylamin und dann das Phenylenhydroxylamin gebildet wird…”

Section: Einflub Des Ph-wertes Des Elektrolyten Auf Elektrodenpotentiunclassified

Galvanische Primärelemente mit organischen Elektrodenmaterialien

Voss

1970

Chemie Ingenieur Technik

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AusblickDas angewandte galvanosbatische Verfahren scheint eine geeignete Methode zu sein, um Substituenten-und Losungsmittel-Einflusse auf das Verhaltnis der Geschwindigkeiten der Wurtz-Reaktion und der Bilduilg von Grignard-Reagens bei verschiedenen Ausgangssubstanzen zu untersuchen. Bei niedrigen Stromen und entsprechend langen MeDzeiten ist die Methode apparativ nicht aufwendig und erfordert nur wenig Substanz. Die Genauigkeit wird sich in dem MaBe verbessern lassen, in dem es gelingt, die Vor-gLnge zu beherrschen, auf denen die ,,Formierungsladung" und der Potentialanstieg nach dem Verbrauch des Magnesiums beruhen. Die Methode wird sich nioglicherweise auch auf Metalle ausdehnen lassen, die Verbindungen analog zum Grignard-Reagens bilden.I n der Technik ist die Grignsrd-Synthese in besonderen Fallen bei der Verarbeitung wertvoller Zwischenprodukte vor allem zu pharmazeutisch wichtigen Substanzen [ 151 von Interesse. Die Herstellung des benotigten Grignard-Reagenses in technischem MaBstab bietet jedoch Schwierigkeiten. Als analytisches Hilfsmittel zur Auswahl optimaler Bedingungen hierfiir sowie zur Kontrolle des Reaktionsablaufes scheint die galvanostatische Methode anwendbar, da sie es gestattet, schnell auch kleine Mengen von nicht umgesetztem Helogenkohlenwasserstoff im Grignard-Reagens nachzuweisen. Man bemuht sich, die Konzentration des freien Halogenkohlenwasserstoffs klein zu halten, um eine hohe Ausbeute an Grignard-Reagens und eine moglichst niedrige an Wurtz-Fittig-Produkt zu erreichen [4].

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An Electrode Mechanism for the Electrochemical Reduction of M-dinitrobenzene

Cited by 8 publications

References 12 publications

Organic Polarography

Organic Polarography

Electrogenerative and Voltameiotic Processes

Galvanische Primärelemente mit organischen Elektrodenmaterialien

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