“…As well, applications of IPMC materials are presented elsewhere within this book (Oguro,Chapter 13). Osada and colleagues have described many applications for IPMCs, including catheters [Sewa et al, 1998;Oguro et al, 1999], elliptic friction drive elements [Tadokoro et al, 1997], and ratchet-and pawl-based motile species [Osada et al, 1992]. IPMCs have been suggested in applications to mimic biological muscles; Caldwell has investigated artificial muscle actuators [Caldwell, 1990;Caldwell and Tsagarakis, 2000], and Shahinpoor has suggested applications ranging from peristaltic pumps [Segalman et al, 1992] and devices for augmenting human muscles [Shahinpoor, 1996], to robotic fish [Shahinpoor, 1992].…”