An Enhanced Kashida-Based Watermarking Approach for Increased Protection in Arabic Text-Documents Based on Frequency Recurrence of Characters

Alginahi, Yasser M.; Kabir, Muhammad Nomani; Tayan, Omar

doi:10.17706/ijcee.2014.v6.857

Cited by 31 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The proposed work is evaluated and compared with three other methods [12]- [14]. The first method uses the letter points and extensions method [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Text Steganography using Extensions Kashida based on the Moon and Sun Letters Concept

A.Shaker¹,

Ridzuan²,

Pitchay³

2017

ijacsa

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Abstract-Existing steganography methods are still lacking in terms of capacity. Hence, a new steganography method for Arabic text is proposed. The method hides secret information bits within Arabic letters using two features, which are the moon and sun letters and the redundant Arabic extension character "-" known as Kashida. The Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters, which are classified into 14 sun letters and 14 moon letters. This classification is based on the way these letters affect the pronunciation of the definite article ‫)ال(‬ at the beginning of words. This method uses the sun letters with one extension to hold the secret bits "01", the sun letters with two extensions to hold the secret bits "10", the moon letters with one extension to hold the secret bits "00" and the moon letters with two extensions to hold the secret bits "11". The capacity performance of the proposed method is then compared to three popular text steganographic methods. Capacity is measured based on two factors which are Embedding Ratio (ER) and The Efficiency Ratio (TER). The results show that the Letter Points andExtensions Method produces 24.91% and 21.56% as the average embedding ratio and the average efficiency ratio correspondingly. For the Two Extensions "Kashida" Character Method, the results for the average embedding ratio and the efficiency ratio are 56.76% and 41.81%. For the Text Using Kashida Variation Algorithm method, the average embedding ratio and the average efficiency ratio are 31.61% and 27.82% respectively. Meanwhile, the average embedding ratio and the efficiency ratio for the Proposed Method are 61.16% and 55.70%. Hence, it is concluded that the Proposed Method outweighs the other three methods in terms of their embedding ratio and efficiency ratio which leads to the conclusion that the Proposed Method could provide higher capacity than the other methods.

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“…The proposed work is evaluated and compared with three other methods [12]- [14]. The first method uses the letter points and extensions method [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kashida are inserted before a specific list of characters ‫_ا{‬ ‫_و_أ‬ ‫د_ؤ‬ _ ‫}ذ‬ until the end of the key is reached where the kashida is inserted for a bit 1 and omitted for a bit 0. This process is repeated until the end of the document is reached in a round robin fashion [14].…”

Section: K Enhanced Kashidamentioning

confidence: 99%

Text Steganography using Extensions Kashida based on the Moon and Sun Letters Concept

A.Shaker¹,

Ridzuan²,

Pitchay³

2017

ijacsa

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Location means a specific position in the cover text where the algorithm can embed the watermark string (e.g., spaces between words and after special punctuations). Even though a watermarking algorithm provides a large embedding capacity, it is not desirable for copyright protection, if it alters the cover text profoundly [8,21].…”

Section: Text Watermarking Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other words, watermarking aims to protect intellectual property of digital media against unauthorized copy or access by embedding a watermark (visible or invisible) in the cove media which can remain beside the data, and it can be used whenever there is any query about the originality of media (e.g., the hidden watermark refers to the original owner) [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Over the last two decades, many information hiding techniques have been proposed in terms of text watermarking and text steganography for copyright protection [11][12][13][14], proof of ownership [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], and copy control and authentication [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Although the aim of steganography is different, it also can be used for the copyright protection of digital texts like watermarking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Analysis of Information Hiding Techniques for Copyright Protection of Text Documents

Ahvanooey

Shim

et al. 2018

Security and Communication Networks

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With the ceaseless usage of web and other online services, it has turned out that copying, sharing, and transmitting digital media over the Internet are amazingly simple. Since the text is one of the main available data sources and most widely used digital media on the Internet, the significant part of websites, books, articles, daily papers, and so on is just the plain text. Therefore, copyrights protection of plain texts is still a remaining issue that must be improved in order to provide proof of ownership and obtain the desired accuracy. During the last decade, digital watermarking and steganography techniques have been used as alternatives to prevent tampering, distortion, and media forgery and also to protect both copyright and authentication. This paper presents a comparative analysis of information hiding techniques, especially on those ones which are focused on modifying the structure and content of digital texts. Herein, various text watermarking and text steganography techniques characteristics are highlighted along with their applications. In addition, various types of attacks are described and their effects are analyzed in order to highlight the advantages and weaknesses of current techniques. Finally, some guidelines and directions are suggested for future works.

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“…As compared to other method the proposed algorithm showed high ability to increase the hiding capacity. Alginahi et al (2014) uses a predefined key to encode the original text. A kashida is placed after a set of characters considering whether the letter is assumed to have high frequency of recurrence or not.. Al-Nofaie et al (2016) used whitespaces as well as kashidas to hide the secret bits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Efficient Approach to Hide Compressed Voice Data in Arabic Text using Kashida and "La"

Al-Oun

Alnihoud

2017

Journal of Computer Science

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Abstract:In this research, we propose a new approach to increase the capacity and enhance the reliability of hiding voice data in Arabic text. Using Kashida to hide bits in Arabic text is one of the most promising approaches in steganography. Unfortunately, ignoring the original Kashida in the cover text may affect the results significantly and produce inaccurate results in the extraction process. In this study, we propose tremendous improvements to the Kashida method by considering original Kashida(-) in the cover text, error-detection using Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) and hiding bit using the "La" word. Moreover, hiding voice files within Arabic text is considered. The proposed approach is compared with the most related approaches in terms of capacity, security and reliability. Not only are the findings of the paper promising, they also overcome the limitations of other approaches.

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An Enhanced Kashida-Based Watermarking Approach for Increased Protection in Arabic Text-Documents Based on Frequency Recurrence of Characters

Cited by 31 publications

References 11 publications

Text Steganography using Extensions Kashida based on the Moon and Sun Letters Concept

Text Steganography using Extensions Kashida based on the Moon and Sun Letters Concept

A Comparative Analysis of Information Hiding Techniques for Copyright Protection of Text Documents

An Efficient Approach to Hide Compressed Voice Data in Arabic Text using Kashida and "La"

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