“…The multitude of fundamental difficulties facing the Big Bang theory motivated physicists to propose alternative theories since the very early days of the Big Bang cosmologyy, the most noteworthy being the tired-light cosmology (Zwicky, 1929), the steady-state cosmology (Bondi & Gold, 1948;Bondi, 1960;Hoyle, 1948), the plasma universe (Alfven, 1966;Klein, 1971;Lerner, 1991), and the theory of discordant redshift association (Field et al, 1973;Arp, 1987;Arp et al, 1990;Arp, 2003), and the Dispersive Extinction Theory (DET) (Wang, 2005(Wang, , 2007(Wang, , 2008(Wang, , 2011.…”