An Experimental Study of Clay Swelling Phenomenon by Carbonic Acid Injection in Clay Sandstone: Implication for CO2 Injection

Abstract

Significant portion of CO 2 is dissolved in reservoir brine during CO 2 -Enhanced Oil Recovery. Dissolved CO 2 forms an acidic environment which could modify rock-fluid interaction. One of the phenomena that could happen due to this interaction is clay swelling which may affect enhanced oil recovery performance.Several experiments were conducted in a number of sandstone core samples, i.e. Imbibition test, Core flood test, Conductivity test, and pH measurement. Imbibition test was conducted to evaluate CO 2 -saturated brine (approached with carbonic acid) performance toward oil recovery during five days measurement compared with brine imbibition performance. Moreover, core flood experiment was run to determine the effect of dissolved CO 2 in brine on injection in sandstone. This is simulated by injecting brine (base case) followed by carbonic acid under 68.3 O C. Thus, conductivity and pH of the imbibed fluids (before & after running imbibition test) were measured to justify occurrence of cation exchange.Interpretation of imbibition test indicated that imbibing carbonic acid, at pH value of about four, resulted in loss of oil recovery about 15% compared with brine due to formation damage caused by clay swelling as sandstone contains clay. The existence of this phenomenon was confirmed by flow resistance at low pH in core sample which was higher than that in brine. This apparent plugging was expected due to severe clay swelling. Meanwhile, the existence of such phenomenon was also clarified with conductivity and pH measurement as there was a great amount of cation exchange.It can be inferred from this study that the rock-fluid interaction from CO 2 -saturated brine can result in adverse effect, such as injectivity problem and loss of recovery. This finding must be considered in planning CO 2 EOR operations, especially when facing condition of watered out oil zone.

flow assurance problems in the geo-energy industry: microbial influenced corrosion, and precipitation of clays in reservoir acid stimulation

“…KN and MM are selected because these are reported to be the most critical clay minerals causing permeability reduction during acid stimulation (Ahmad et al, 2018). KN and MM are sensitive to reactions in an aqueous solution and acidic environments (Riyono et al, 2018).…”