An fMRI Study of Differences in Brain Activity Among Elite, Expert, and Novice Archers at the Moment of Optimal Aiming

Kim, Woojong; Chang, Yongmin; Kim, Jingu; Seo, Jakyeom; Ryu, Kwang Sun; Lee, Eunkyung; Woo, Minjung; Janelle, Christopher M.

doi:10.1097/wnn.0000000000000042

Cited by 67 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…Importantly, functional connectivity is related to motor skill learning (Albert et al, 2009;Song, Gotts, Dayan, & Cohen, 2015) and to higher levels of motor skill (Di, Zhu, Jin, Wang, Ye, Zhou et al, 2012;Ito, Matsuda, & Shimojo, 2015;Kim, Han, Kim, & Han, 2015;Milton, Solodkin, Hluštík, & Small, 2007;Li, He, Huang, Zhang, Lu, Lai et al, 2015). Functional connectivity tracks the learning of motor skills, and more distinct functional connections are associated with higher skill (Kim, Chang, Kim, Seo, Ryu, Lee et al, 2014;Milton et al, 2007).…”

Section: Mechanisms For Attentional Focus Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Effective structural connections within brain regions would appear to lay the groundwork for the establishment of efficient functional connections across brain networks. Such connectivity appears to be a hallmark of experienced and expert performers (Di et al, 2012;Ito et al, 2015;Kim et al, 2015;Kim et al, 2014;Li et al, 2015;Milton et al, 2007).…”

Section: Conclusion and Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indirect measurement may be helpful (Aarts, Bijleveld, Custers, Dogge, Deelder, Schutter et al, 2012). Furthermore, innovations in the study of moments in athletic performance are promising (Kim et al, 2015;Kim et al, 2014;Milton et al, 2007).…”

Section: Conclusion and Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning

2016

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Effective motor performance is important for surviving and thriving, and skilled movement is critical in many activities. Much theorizing over the past few decades has focused on how certain practice conditions affect the processing of task-related information to affect learning. Yet, existing theoretical perspectives do not accommodate significant recent lines of evidence demonstrating motivational and attentional effects on performance and learning. These include research on (a) conditions that enhance expectancies for future performance, (b) variables that influence learners' autonomy, and (c) an external focus of attention on the intended movement effect. We propose the OPTIMAL (Optimizing Performance through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning) theory of motor learning. We suggest that motivational and attentional factors contribute to performance and learning by strengthening the coupling of goals to actions. We provide explanations for the performance and learning advantages of these variables on psychological and neuroscientific grounds. We describe a plausible mechanism for expectancy effects rooted in responses of dopamine to the anticipation of positive experience and temporally associated with skill practice. Learner autonomy acts perhaps largely through an enhanced expectancy pathway. Furthermore, we consider the influence of an external focus for the establishment of efficient functional connections across brain networks that subserve skilled movement. We speculate that enhanced expectancies and an external focus propel performers' cognitive and motor systems in productive "forward" directions and prevent "backsliding" into self-and non-task focused states. Expected success presumably breeds further success and helps consolidate memories. We discuss practical implications and future research directions.Keywords Motivation . Attentional focus . Self-efficacy . Positive affect . Dopamine . Motor performance Skilled movement is fundamental to surviving and thriving in the world and the basis as well for many of the highest human endeavors and cultural achievements, from sport to art to music. How people learn and relearn movement skills has been addressed from a number of disparate scientific perspectives and levels of analysis, including behavioral, social cognitive, neurophysiological, and neurocomputational. In part, differences in assumptions, scientific terminology and philosophy, as well as methodological approaches have made scholarly rapprochement challenging, but we see the end goal of optimizing motor learning as important. We suggest that it may be valuable to bring recent insights from various approaches together to identify a coherent way forward that can result in optimized learning from humans' earliest encounters with new motor skills to the lifelong development of motoric expertise.It is typically considered time to look afresh at dominant theories in a field when the accumulating evidence suggests that old frameworks cannot account for substantial new insights an...

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Section: Mechanisms For Attentional Focus Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conclusion and Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning

2016

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“…For example, neural correlates of performance in archers (Kim et al, 2014), altered insula activation in expert meditators (Lutz et al, 2013), distinct patterns of olfactory regions and hippocampus activation in perfumers when imaging smell (Plailly et al, 2012) and, during wine tasting, a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study showed that wine experts (sommeliers) showed increased activation of the memory network (Pazart et al, 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

Olfactory Network Differences in Master Sommeliers: Connectivity Analysis Using Granger Causality and Graph Theoretical Approach

et al. 2017

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Previous studies investigating the differences in olfactory processing and judgments between trained sommeliers and controls have shown increased activations in brain regions involving higher level cognitive processes in sommeliers. However, there is little information about the influence of expertise on causal connectivity and topological properties of the connectivity networks between these regions. Therefore, the current study focuses on addressing these questions in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of olfactory perception in Master Sommeliers. fMRI data were acquired from Master Sommeliers and control participants during different olfactory and nonolfactory tasks. Mean time series were extracted from 90 different regions of interest (ROIs; based on Automated Anatomical Labeling atlas). The underlying neuronal variables were extracted using blind hemodynamic deconvolution and then input into a dynamic multivariate autoregressive model to obtain connectivity between every pair of ROIs as a function of time. These connectivity values were then statistically compared to obtain paths that were significantly different between the two groups. The obtained connectivity matrices were further studied using graph theoretical methods. In sommeliers, significantly greater connectivity was observed in connections involving the precuneus, caudate, putamen, and several frontal and temporal regions. The controls showed increased connectivity from the left hippocampus to the frontal regions. Furthermore, the sommeliers exhibited significantly higher small-world topology than the controls. These findings are significant, given that learning about neuroplasticity in adulthood in these regions may then have added clinical importance in diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's where early neurodegeneration is isolated to regions important in smell.

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“…There is evidence that during the aiming phase, neural activity differentiates performance by skill level. Kim et al (2014) investigated brain activity in elite, expert and novice archers during a simulated archery aiming task by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). They found more localized neural activity for elite and expert archers when compared to novices, permitting greater efficiency of the complex processes by these regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of temporal factors related to shot performance for indoor recurve archery

Callaway

Wiedlack

Heller

2016

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal phases of the archery shot cycle that distinguish the arrows distance from centre, in an attempt to understand critical factors that affect performance. Fifteen archers of varying ability each performed 30 shots at 18m. Fourteen potential predictor variables were measured for statistical modeling by stepwise multiple linear regression.The results show that pre-shot time (pre-performance routine), release time

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An fMRI Study of Differences in Brain Activity Among Elite, Expert, and Novice Archers at the Moment of Optimal Aiming

Cited by 67 publications

References 0 publications

Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning

Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning

Olfactory Network Differences in Master Sommeliers: Connectivity Analysis Using Granger Causality and Graph Theoretical Approach

Identification of temporal factors related to shot performance for indoor recurve archery

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