An Improved t Table for Simultaneous Control on g Contrasts

Games, Paul A.

doi:10.2307/2286211

Cited by 80 publications

(54 citation statements)

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“…The unadjusted degrees of freedom and the epsilon used in the correction are reported. Post hoc pairwize comparisons employed an adjusted α-value based on Šidák's multiplicative inequality (Games, 1977) to correct for the accumulation of Type I error arising from multiple comparisons. The data from one male administered the placebo was missing for the 3-dimensional mental rotation task due to equipment error.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexually dimorphic effects of acute nicotine administration on arousal and visual-spatial ability in non-smoking human volunteers

Neumann

Fitzgerald

Furedy

et al. 2007

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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. (2007) "Sexually dimorphic effects of acute nicotine administration on arousal and visual-spatial ability in nonsmoking human volunteers" Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 86 (4),[758][759][760][761][762][763][764][765] http://epublications.bond.edu.au/hss_pubs/336 The effect of an acute administration of nicotine on arousal and visual-spatial ability in healthy non-smoking participants was investigated. Healthy adult volunteers with a mean age of 19.98 years received a transdermal nicotine or placebo patch prior to completing a water level task and two mental rotation tasks while concurrent psychophysiological recordings were taken. Nicotine administration showed a sexually dimorphic effect on arousal (skin conductance level and heart rate). Evidence of superior performance in males compared to females was found in reaction time and accuracy measures for the visual-spatial tasks. However, performance reflected the interaction between sex and nicotine. Nicotine slowed reaction times in the mental rotation tasks more extensively in females than males. Nicotine also reduced confidence in performance during the water level task in males, but not females. The effects of nicotine on visual-spatial ability may reflect the interactive effects of sex and changes in arousal levels induced by nicotine administration.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexually dimorphic effects of acute nicotine administration on arousal and visual-spatial ability in non-smoking human volunteers

Neumann

Fitzgerald

Furedy

et al. 2007

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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show abstract

“…In the ANOVA on RT, all ofthe main effects were sig- (Games, 1977) to control for Type I error rate. For targets associated with the first cue, the simple main effect ofdistance was significant [F(3,186) = 2.94, MS e = 2,835J, but Sidak t tests indicated that no pair of intercue distance values differed significantly.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age similarities in the inertial properties of attention

Gottlob

Madden

1999

Perception & Psychophysics

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Adult age differences in the mode of allocation of visual attention were investigated, using a visual search task with a circular display containing one target letter and seven distractor letters. In two experiments, a total of 56 younger adults (M = 20 years) and 56 older adults (M = 66 years) searched for a target appearing with equal probability at one of two cued locations. The first cue appeared 115 msec before display onset, and the second cue appeared with display onset; distance between the two cued locations was varied. Target identification performance indicated that attention was inertial, in that reaction time for second-cued targets was related either to the area of the portion of the visual field containing possible target locations or to the mean path length of a serial self-terminating search. There were no age-related decrements in the allocation of visual attention.In visual search and classification tasks, the effects of attention are reflected in the fact that items presented at some (attended) spatial locations are identified more efficiently than items presented at other locations. Although, in some instances, these effects are due to eye movements and to the decline in retinal acuity as a function of increasing eccentricity, attentional processing appears to be mediated by different neural systems than those underlying eye movements. Cortical regions, especially the frontal eye fields and the parietal cortex, appear to mediate the voluntary (attentional) orienting of the visual system, whereas reflexive visual orienting is mediated by midbrain structures (Rafal & Robertson, 1995).Behavioral investigations suggest that attending to specific spatial locations involves selectively allocating processing resources to items presented at the attended locations. It is well established that presenting a visual cue (such as a bar marker) prior to a visual display can facilitate the identification of items at the cued location and impair the identification of items at noncued locations (Eriksen, 1990). The cuing effects are evident when the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the cue and the display is sufficiently briefto prevent eye movements. In addition, the presentation of a spatial cue regarding target location facilitates performance even for single-item displays, which implies that the cue influences target identification by directing the allocation of processing

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“…The SOA data are presented for Day 1 and for Days 2-5 separately in Table 1. Comparisons of pairs of SOA means were made with post hoc t tests using the Sidak inequality for controlling the experimentwise error rate (Games, 1977). For the two-item t 600 .…”

Section: Results Days 1-5mentioning

confidence: 99%

Amount and duration of attentional demands during visual search

Madden

Allen

1989

Perception & Psychophysics

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Previous research has suggested that, in visual-search tasks, the comparison between target and display items does not require attentional capacity. In the present experiment we used a secondary-task paradigm to distinguish the amount and duration of the attentional demands of visual search. The subjects performed visual search (the primary task) and tone detection (the secondary task) concurrently over the course oftive experimental sessions (1,440 trials). For each subject, target-response mapping was either consistent or varied for Days 1-5. The results indicate that the amount of attentional demand, as reflected in secondary-task performance, increased as a function of display size in the search task. Switching from consistent to varied mapping in a sixth experimental session increased both the amount and the duration of the attentional demands of the search. The present results support models of visual-search performance in which the comparison of target and display items requires attentional capacity.One of the most prominent characteristics of visualsearch perfonnance is the influence of the number of items in the display on reaction time (RT) and error rate. Typically, visual search becomes slower and less accurate as the number of display items increases. As Logan (1976, 1978) has pointed out, however, this display-size effect is an empirical fmding that is compatible with alternative theories of visual-search performance. The display-size effect may represent the involvement of limited attentional capacity in the comparison between target and display items (Atkinson, Holmgren, & Juola, 1969;Rumelhart, 1970). Alternatively, the processing of display items may not require attentional capacity, but may involve a decision component with noise level being a function of display size (Estes, 1972;Gardner, 1973).Although the display-size effect alone is not sufficient to distinguish these different interpretations of visualsearch performance, relevant evidence can be obtained from dual-task versions of visual search, in which search and some other task are performed concurrently. Dualtask methodology assumes that concurrent tasks compete for one or more pools oflimited attentional capacity (Le., processing resources); attentional demands are consequently revealed in the comparison between dual-task and single-task levels ofperfonnance (Wickens, 1984). One example of dual-task methodology is the secondary-task paradigm, in which subjects are instructed to devote most of their attention to one of the tasks (the primary task) and to perform the other (secondary) task with whatever "reserve" attention is available. Under ideal conditions (i.e., the two tasks do not require the same sensory-motor systems and primary-task performance is not disrupted by the addition of the secondary task), changes in secondary-task perfonnance reflect the attentional capacity demands of the primary task (Duncan, 1980; Kantowitz, 1985;Kerr, 1973). Logan (1978) proposed that the secondary-task paradigm can provide information regar...

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An Improved t Table for Simultaneous Control on g Contrasts

Cited by 80 publications

References 0 publications

Sexually dimorphic effects of acute nicotine administration on arousal and visual-spatial ability in non-smoking human volunteers

Sexually dimorphic effects of acute nicotine administration on arousal and visual-spatial ability in non-smoking human volunteers

Age similarities in the inertial properties of attention

Amount and duration of attentional demands during visual search

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