An Introduction to Synthetic Seeds: Production, Techniques, and Applications

Qahtan, Ahmed A.; Abdel-Salam, Eslam M.; Alatar, Abdulrahman A.; Wang, Qiao‐Chun; Faisal, Mohammad

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24631-0_1

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…The type of explant used for encapsulation is crucial for short-to medium-term storage of artificial seeds and successful regrowth later during germination. For most woody plant species, shoot tips, nodal segments and individual axillary buds have been employed for encapsulation with different degree of success [17,18,22,47,48]. In the present study, shoot tip and first-node gardenia explants exhibited higher response in vitro than the other nodal segments and thus, they were chosen as potential explants for alginate encapsulation.…”

Section: Explant Determination For Encapsulationmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The encapsulation technique mimics that of the natural seed technology and combines the advantages of seed propagation with those of clonal propagation [18][19][20]. Thus, this method is an important application of in vitro culture and also plays a significant role for short-and mediumterm germplasm storage contributing to large scale propagation in the nurseries [21,22]. The genetic uniformity, in most cases, is maintained between regenerated plantlets and mother plant donors of the encapsulated explants [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conservation, Regeneration and Genetic Stability of Regenerants from Alginate-Encapsulated Shoot Explants of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis

et al. 2021

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The present study demonstrates the potential of the alginate encapsulation of shoot tips and nodal segments of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, the short-term cold storage of artificial seeds and subsequent successful conversion to desirable, uniform and genetically stable plantlets. Shoot tips and first-node segments below them, derived from shoots of in vitro cultures, responded better than second-to-fourth-node segments on agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient medium and thus, they were used as explants for alginate encapsulation. Explant encapsulation in 2.5% sodium alginate in combination with 50 mM of calcium chloride resulted in the production of soft beads, while hardening in 100 mM of calcium chloride formed firm beads of uniform globular shape, suitable for handling. The addition of liquid MS nutrient medium in the sodium alginate solution doubled the subsequent germination response of the beads. The maintenance of alginate beads under light favored their germination response compared to maintenance in darkness. Encapsulated shoot tip explants of gardenia, which were stored at 4 °C for 4, 8 or 12 weeks, showed a gradual decline in their regeneration response (73.3, 68.9, 53.3%, respectively), whereas, non-encapsulated explants (naked), stored under the same time durations of cold conditions, exhibited a sharp decline in regeneration response up to entirely zeroing (48.9, 11.1, 0.0%, respectively). Shoots, derived from 12-week cold-stored encapsulated explants, were easily rooted in solid MS nutrient medium with the addition of 0.5 μM of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and after transplantation of the rooted plantlets individually to pots containing a peat–perlite (3:1, v/v) substrate, they were successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse under the gradual reduction of 75 or 50% shading with survival rates of 95–100%. The genetic stability of the acclimatized plantlets was assessed and compared with the mother plant using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. ISSR analysis confirmed that all regenerated plantlets were genetically identical to the mother plant. This procedure of artificial seed production could be useful for the short-term storage of germplasm and the production of genetically identical and stable plants as an alternative method of micropropagation in Gardenia jasminoides.

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Section: Explant Determination For Encapsulationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation, Regeneration and Genetic Stability of Regenerants from Alginate-Encapsulated Shoot Explants of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis

et al. 2021

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“…Germplasm preservation has been enabled by encapsulation of plant cells and tissues in artificial seeds and various encapsulation methods are available, allowing for not only the preservation of germplasm as part of conservation plant management but also the national and international exchange of rare, endangered and/or high-value commercial plant genetic resources [87]. Some of the most popular routes for synthetic seed formation include the use of sodium alginate on its own or when combined with potassium alginate, calcium alginate, carrageenan, gelatin or sodium pectate to create an artificial endosperm that is afterwards stored under low temperature conditions.…”

Section: Synthetic Seed Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis sativa: From Therapeutic Uses to Micropropagation and Beyond

Adams

Malatsi

Makunga

2021

Plants

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The development of a protocol for the large-scale production of Cannabis and its variants with little to no somaclonal variation or disease for pharmaceutical and for other industrial use has been an emerging area of research. A limited number of protocols have been developed around the world, obtained through a detailed literature search using web-based database searches, e.g., Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar. This article reviews the advances made in relation to Cannabis tissue culture and micropropagation, such as explant choice and decontamination of explants, direct and indirect organogenesis, rooting, acclimatisation and a few aspects of genetic engineering. Since Cannabis micropropagation systems are fairly new fields, combinations of plant growth regulator experiments are needed to gain insight into the development of direct and indirect organogenesis protocols that are able to undergo the acclimation stage and maintain healthy plants desirable to the Cannabis industry. A post-culture analysis of Cannabis phytochemistry after the acclimatisation stage is lacking in a majority of the reviewed studies, and for in vitro propagation protocols to be accepted by the pharmaceutical industries, phytochemical and possibly pharmacological research need to be undertaken in order to ascertain the integrity of the generated plant material. It is rather difficult to obtain industrially acceptable micropropagation regimes as recalcitrance to the regeneration of in vitro cultured plants remains a major concern and this impedes progress in the application of genetic modification technologies and gene editing tools to be used routinely for the improvement of Cannabis genotypes that are used in various industries globally. In the future, with more reliable plant tissue culture-based propagation that generates true-to-type plants that have known genetic and metabolomic integrity, the use of genetic engineering systems including “omics” technologies such as next-generation sequencing and fast-evolving gene editing tools could be implemented to speed up the identification of novel genes and mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of Cannabis phytochemicals for large-scale production.

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“…Deste modo, a semente sintética é definida como um material vegetal (em sua maioria oriundo da multiplicação in vitro), envolto por uma cápsula, onde, juntos, os componentes formam uma estrutura de propagação que apresenta a mesma funcionalidade de uma semente verdadeira. Qualquer propágulo que seja capaz de se regenerar e formar uma nova planta pode ser utilizado, por exemplo, como embriões zigóticos e somáticos, sementes pré-germinadas, segmentos nodais, foliares, dentre outros (QAHTAN et al, 2019;RIHAN et al, 2017).…”

Section: Sementes Sintéticasunclassified

“…Porém, quanto maior a concentração de sais adicionados, menor a rigidez da cápsula formada, ou seja, para explorar melhor resposta, adicionando os sais na concentração de 100 %, é necessário aumentar as concentrações do alginato de sódio e do cloreto de cálcio (MAGALHÃES et al, 2019). Na literatura, são encontrados trabalhos para diversas espécies, que apontam para uma variação entre 1 e 6 % a concentração de alginato utilizada e de 25 a 200 mM a de cloreto de cálcio (QAHTAN et al, 2019).…”

Section: Sementes Sintéticasunclassified