An optical method for rapid examination of check development in decorative plywood panels

Burnard, Michael David; Muszyński, Lech; Leavengood, Scott; Ganio, Lisa M.

doi:10.1007/s00107-018-1327-7

Cited by 8 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The investigation was performed using 8 replicates of laboratory-fabricated test specimens of each of the 96 combinations of the 4 factors selected for this study. The test procedure, including the panel construction, preparation for testing, exposure to rapid drying conditions, data collection and analysis, followed the methodology developed earlier by Burnard et al (2018). Factors and levels of factors thought to contribute significantly to check development in maple veneer plywood panels were identified based on literature review and by consultation with industry advisors.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, Burnard et al (2018) developed a new automated optical method for detection and measurement of checks based on check detection concept proposed by Kang et al (2006). This method was based on the digital image correlation principle, which allowed identification of checks as small as 0.2 mm wide and 1 mm long.…”

Section: Panel Construction and Manufacturing Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The objective of this study was to use the check detection and measurement methodology developed by Burnard et al (2018) to determine the effect of four factors related to manufacturing of the decorative hardwood plywood commonly believed to affect checking: veneer characteristics, lathe orientation, core material and adhesive type, as well as combinations of these factors in maple plywood.…”

Section: Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Twenty-four hours before testing, a random speckle pattern (a sparse spray of white and black acrylic matte paint) was applied to all veneered surfaces to enhance optical measurement of surface strain development (Burnard et al 2018). Samples were then moved to a conditioning chamber set to 30 °C and 90% relative humidity (solid wood EMC of approximately 20%) for 24 h.…”

Section: Manufacturing and Conditioning Panelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Check severity was measured using the optical method developed by Burnard et al (2018). In this method, small surface checks were detected and measured by means of an optical full-field strain analysis based on the digital image correlation (DIC) principle.…”

Section: Measuring Check Severitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating face veneer check development in decorative plywood panels: the impact of four common manufacturing factors

et al. 2019

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An optical method based on digital image correlation was used to investigate the impact of four decorative plywood manufacturing factors (core type, veneer type, adhesive type and lathe check orientation) on face veneer checking. The four core types were: combination core, medium density fibreboard, particleboard, and veneer core. The four veneer types were: peeled 0.604 mm, peeled 0.706 mm, sliced 0.508 mm, and sliced 0.564 mm. Both loose-side out and tight-side out lathe check orientations were used. The adhesive systems were urea–formaldehyde, polyvinyl acetate, and soy-protein based. 96 treatment combinations with 8 replicates were tested. All specimens were exposed to harsh but realistic drying conditions (approximately 30°C and 26% relative humidity) for 4 h during inspection. Checks were detected on 428 out of a total of 765 specimens (56%). The estimated mean check densities (area of checking per unit area) indicated some unfavourable factor combinations. All factors had some degree of interaction with one another and check development could not be attributed to a single factor examined in this study. The data were fit to a generalized linear mixed model based on Tweedie’s compound Poisson distribution. Confidence intervals were calculated via bootstrapping. The check density estimates produced by this model can be used to cautiously guide manufacturers as they decide on panel components. The broader use of the model is to highlight the complexity of the problem and guide future research in this area.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Panel Construction and Manufacturing Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Manufacturing and Conditioning Panelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Measuring Check Severitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating face veneer check development in decorative plywood panels: the impact of four common manufacturing factors

et al. 2019

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An image processing algorithm for detection and analysis of slicing checks

Grubîi

Johansson

2021

Eur. J. Wood Prod.

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In this paper, a new method of measuring slicing checks for flat-sliced veneers was evaluated. The method is based on image analysis of veneer cross-sections, having highlighted the slicing checks using surface staining. The segmentation of the checks consists of global thresholding followed by some morphological operations. The outputs of the algorithm are check depth ratio and check frequency. The method was tested on flat-sliced oak (Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea (Matt). Liebl.) veneers of different thicknesses (1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 mm). Two distinct wood qualities and two different cutting directions (lengthwise-sliced and plain-sliced veneers) were evaluated. The algorithm performance resulted in an overall accuracy of 85% enabling an accessible method for relatively fast and accurate measurements of slicing check characteristics in lamella cross-sections. Regression analysis indicated a lack of fixed bias but the presence of proportional bias with the presented method. Check measurements indicate that by varying cutting parameters, it is possible to achieve desired check characteristics independent of slicing thickness. The semi-automated slicing check detection method could benefit further research and optimisation of the slicing process parameters and pave the way towards industrial quality control of slicing checks. The intended area of application is veneer-laminated products for interior use with the focus on veneered wood flooring.

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Drying of green veneer hollow tubes monitored using stereo digital images correlation

et al. 2022

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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

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An optical method for rapid examination of check development in decorative plywood panels

Cited by 8 publications

References 12 publications

Investigating face veneer check development in decorative plywood panels: the impact of four common manufacturing factors

Investigating face veneer check development in decorative plywood panels: the impact of four common manufacturing factors

An image processing algorithm for detection and analysis of slicing checks

Drying of green veneer hollow tubes monitored using stereo digital images correlation

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