An Outbreak of Canine Distemper Virus in Tigers (&lt;i&gt;Panthera tigris&lt;/i&gt;): Possible Transmission from Wild Animals to Zoo Animals

Nagao, Yumiko; Nishio, Yohei; Shiomoda, Hiroshi; Tamaru, Seiji; Shimojima, Masayuki; Goto, Megumi; Une, Yumi; Sato, Azusa; Ikebe, Yusuke; Maeda, Ken

doi:10.1292/jvms.11-0509

Cited by 46 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 33 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Experimental infection of cats resulted in subclinical infection, and again the virus did not infect epithelial or neuronal cells or transmit from cat to cat (38)(39)(40). However, large outbreaks among felids in Africa and North America caused by CDV were reported in the 1990s (41)(42)(43), and an outbreak among tigers in a Japanese zoo was recently reported (44). Strikingly similar to these observations, experimental infection of seals with CDV SH led to an exclusively lymphoid and not epithelial infection, which did not transmit to sentinel hosts (45).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measles Vaccination of Nonhuman Primates Provides Partial Protection against Infection with Canine Distemper Virus

Vries

Ludlow

Verburgh

et al. 2014

J Virol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Measles virus (MV) is being considered for global eradication, which would likely reduce compliance with MV vaccination. As a result, children will grow up without MV-specific immunity, creating a potential niche for closely related animal morbilliviruses such as canine distemper virus (CDV). Natural CDV infection causing clinical signs has never been reported in humans, but recent outbreaks in captive macaques have shown that CDV can cause disease in primates. We studied the virulence and tropism of recombinant CDV expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein in naive and measles-vaccinated cynomolgus macaques. In naive animals CDV caused viremia and fever and predominantly infected CD150 ؉ lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Virus was reisolated from the upper and lower respiratory tracts, but infection of epithelial or neuronal cells was not detectable at the time points examined, and the infections were self-limiting. This demonstrates that CDV readily infects nonhuman primates but suggests that additional mutations are necessary to achieve full virulence in nonnatural hosts. Partial protection against CDV was observed in measles-vaccinated macaques, as demonstrated by accelerated control of virus replication and limited shedding from the upper respiratory tract. While neither CDV infection nor MV vaccination induced detectable cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies, MV-specific neutralizing antibody levels of MV-vaccinated macaques were boosted by CDV challenge infection, suggesting that cross-reactive VN epitopes exist. Rapid increases in white blood cell counts in MV-vaccinated macaques following CDV challenge suggested that cross-reactive cellular immune responses were also present. This study demonstrates that zoonotic morbillivirus infections can be controlled by measles vaccination. IMPORTANCEThroughout history viral zoonoses have had a substantial impact on human health. Given the drive toward global eradication of measles, it is essential to understand the zoonotic potential of animal morbilliviruses. Morbilliviruses are thought to have evolved from a common ancestral virus that jumped species and adapted to new hosts. Recently, canine distemper virus (CDV), a morbillivirus normally restricted to carnivores, caused disease outbreaks in nonhuman primates. Here, we report that experimental CDV infection of monkeys resulted in fever and leukopenia. The virus replicated to high levels in lymphocytes but did not spread to epithelial cells or the central nervous system. Importantly, like measles virus in macaques, the infections were selflimiting. In measles-vaccinated macaques CDV was cleared more rapidly, resulting in limited virus shedding from the upper respiratory tract. These studies demonstrate that although CDV can readily infect primates, measles immunity is protective, and CDV infection is self-limiting.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measles Vaccination of Nonhuman Primates Provides Partial Protection against Infection with Canine Distemper Virus

Vries

Ludlow

Verburgh

et al. 2014

J Virol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In conclusion, the present case of DMV infection in a captive harbor seal, which occurred without direct contact with two DMV-infected dolphins, calls for new guidelines to enforce and extend quarantine protocols for zoological parks housing marine mammals and rehabilitating animals, considering the biologic features of the DMV isolates reported here and the potential for interspecies viral transmission (15,17). Table 1 reports the accession numbers of the analyzed sequences.…”

mentioning

confidence: 88%

“…This uncertainty is additionally underscored by the rapid inactivation of Paramyxoviridae under normal environmental conditions (16). Nevertheless, morbillivirus infection has been reported among captive carnivores in zoological facilities, with a direct contact between CDV-infected and uninfected live animals considered a necessary means for viral transmission (17). In our case, however, no morbillivirus-positive wild animals were known to have ever entered the zoo, reasonably excluding the possibility of indirect infection from water or food contamination by aerosols, secretions, or excretions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dolphin Morbillivirus Infection in a Captive Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina)

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition to dogs, raccoons, and foxes, which are the primary reservoir species for the virus, infections have been reported in wild and domestic ferrets and mink and different species of large cats, bears, and seals (1). Disease severity varies in different species, but mortality rates above 90% are common in wild carnivores, and CDV outbreaks can push endangered species to the brink of extinction and cause great losses among susceptible animals during outbreaks in zoos or wildlife refuges (2)(3)(4)(5)(6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivated Recombinant Rabies Viruses Displaying Canine Distemper Virus Glycoproteins Induce Protective Immunity against Both Pathogens

Budaszewski

Hudacek

Sawatsky

et al. 2017

J Virol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The development of multivalent vaccines is an attractive methodology for the simultaneous prevention of several infectious diseases in vulnerable populations. Both canine distemper virus (CDV) and rabies virus (RABV) cause lethal disease in wild and domestic carnivores. While RABV vaccines are inactivated, the liveattenuated CDV vaccines retain residual virulence for highly susceptible wildlife species. In this study, we developed recombinant bivalent vaccine candidates based on recombinant vaccine strain rabies virus particles, which concurrently display the protective CDV and RABV glycoprotein antigens. The recombinant viruses replicated to near-wild-type titers, and the heterologous glycoproteins were efficiently expressed and incorporated in the viral particles. Immunization of ferrets with beta-propiolactone-inactivated recombinant virus particles elicited protective RABV antibody titers, and animals immunized with a combination of CDV attachment protein-and fusion protein-expressing recombinant viruses were protected from lethal CDV challenge. However, animals that were immunized with only a RABV expressing the attachment protein of CDV vaccine strain Onderstepoort succumbed to infection with a more recent wild-type strain, indicating that immune responses to the more conserved fusion protein contribute to protection against heterologous CDV strains.IMPORTANCE Rabies virus and canine distemper virus (CDV) cause high mortality rates and death in many carnivores. While rabies vaccines are inactivated and thus have an excellent safety profile and high stability, live-attenuated CDV vaccines can retain residual virulence in highly susceptible species. Here we generated recombinant inactivated rabies viruses that carry one of the CDV glycoproteins on their surface. Ferrets immunized twice with a mix of recombinant rabies viruses carrying the CDV fusion and attachment glycoproteins were protected from lethal CDV challenge, whereas all animals that received recombinant rabies viruses carrying only the CDV attachment protein according to the same immunization scheme died. Irrespective of the CDV antigens used, all animals developed protective titers against rabies virus, illustrating that a bivalent rabies virus-based vaccine against CDV induces protective immune responses against both pathogens.

show abstract

An Outbreak of Canine Distemper Virus in Tigers (<i>Panthera tigris</i>): Possible Transmission from Wild Animals to Zoo Animals

Cited by 46 publications

References 33 publications

Measles Vaccination of Nonhuman Primates Provides Partial Protection against Infection with Canine Distemper Virus

Measles Vaccination of Nonhuman Primates Provides Partial Protection against Infection with Canine Distemper Virus

Dolphin Morbillivirus Infection in a Captive Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina)

Inactivated Recombinant Rabies Viruses Displaying Canine Distemper Virus Glycoproteins Induce Protective Immunity against Both Pathogens

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About