An Overview of PCDD/F Inventories and Emission Factors from Stationary and Mobile Sources: What We Know and What is Missing

Raw meal of the cement production process could probably suppress the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). In this study, these suppression effects were studied and compared during the co-processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) with conventional feed materials such as pure CaCO 3 , and pure CaO. A top suppression efficiency of 96% was achieved for a ratio of MSW to raw meal of 1:15. Moreover, NaCl and CuCl 2 were added to the mix of feed material and MSW, to reveal the impact of additional chlorine and cations on PCDD/F formation. Similarly, the raw meal was mixed with the kiln dust to investigate possible suppression effects of those PCDD/Fs formed through the precursor or the de novo synthesis at a temperature of 350°C. The raw meal suppressed the formation of PCDD/Fs from kiln dust. Furthermore, the raw meal could not suppress the formation of PCDD/Fs on mixtures of kiln dust and NaCl or CuCl 2 , which could be associated with a potential increase in the formation effects of PCDD/Fs on the raw meal. The results can help in potential decision-making on the applicability of certain cement kilns on the co-processing of MSW containing high levels of Cl and Cu.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suppression of PCDD/Fs by Raw Meal in Cement Kilns

Lin

Ji²,

Zhan

et al. 2018

“…This is also likely related to the high PAC content in the froth products (Wei et al, 2016b). PAC has high adsorption capacity because of its large surface area and microporous structure (Cheruiyot et al, 2016). Heavy metals such as Pb, Zn, and Cd, can be extracted from the fly ash in the water phase during the flotation process.…”

Section: Effect Of Flotation On the Characteristics Of The Fly Ashmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Lee et al, 2003;Chen et al, 2013;Cheruiyot et al, 2015;Lee et al, 2016). The PCDD/F emission factors of hospital solid waste incinerator (HSWI) were about 1-2 orders higher than those of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) (Lee et al, 2003;Cheruiyot et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the end of the incinerator, a large amount of powder activated carbon (PAC) is injected into the exhaust gas to ensure that the concentration of PCDD/Fs in the flue gas remains lower than that specified by the new Chinese emission standards [0.1 toxicity equivalent quantity (TEQ) in ng m ] Wei et al, 2016a). Thus, PCDD/Fs and other organic pollutants such as PAHs, CBs, CPs and PCBs, in the flue gas are transferred to HSWI fly ash (Lee et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2006a;Cheruiyot et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reburning Treatment of the Froths Obtained after the Flotation of Incinerator Fly Ash

Wei

Liu²,

Liu

et al. 2017

Flotation has been proven to successfully remove most polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and carbon constituents from hospital solid waste incinerator (HSWI) fly ash. The resultant froths contain large quantities of carbon constituents that can reburn in the incinerator. In this paper, the reburning behavior of froths at temperatures from 800°C to 1200°C was compared with that of HSWI fly ash. Results showed that the destruction efficiency of PCDD/Fs was higher in the froths than in the fly ash at the same reburning temperature. The destruction efficiencies of PCDD/Fs in the froths exceeded 98% at temperatures higher than 1000°C. The volatilization ratio of Pb, Zn, and Cu was lower in the froths than in the fly ash. Furthermore, reburning of the froths can achieve energy recovery of the carbon constituents. Therefore, flotation followed by reburning treatment in a combustion chamber could be a suitable process for the detoxification and reutilization of HSWI fly ash.

“…: +886-8-7740263; Fax: +886-8-7740256 E-mail address: chensj@mail.npust.edu.tw (Attfield et al, 2012;IARC, 2012). In addition, several works have indicated that emissions of chlorine or bromine substituted pollutants, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are emitted not only from incinerators (Wei et al, 2016), electric arc furnaces and secondary aluminum smelters , but also from diesel engines (Laroo et al, 2011;Laroo et al, 2012;Cheruiyot et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent Organic Pollutant Reductions from a Diesel Engine Generator Fueled with Waste Cooking Oil-based Biodiesel Blended with Butanol and Acetone

Tsai

Lin

Chen

et al. 2017

Self Cite

This investigation focuses on the effects on emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)) from a diesel engine fuelled by 20 vol% waste cooking oil-based biodiesel (W20) blended with various fractions of dehydrate/hydrous butanol (B/B′) and acetone (A/A′). The emission concentrations of the POPs were in the order PBDE ≫ PBDD/F > PCB > PCDD/F, regardless of the blending fuel or engine load. The POP with highest concentration was PBDE, being 2-3 times that of the others. Conversely, the magnitude of emitted toxicity followed the order PCDD/F > PCB ≈ PBDD/F, while PCDD/F emissions had about 10 times the toxicity concentrations of PCBs and PBDD/Fs. Among the dioxin compounds, the emissions of PCDDs represented 46-73% (average 57%) and 50-72% (average 59%) of total PCDD/F mass and toxicity concentrations, respectively, and were which and were thus significantly higher than those of PCDFs. The non-ortho-PCB contributed almost all toxicity (~100%) of 14 dioxin-like-PCBs, even though its contribution in mass was only 9-32% (average 16%) among the congeners. Similarly, PBDFs accounted for ~100% of toxicity of PBDD/Fs. Additionally, deca-BDEs contributed to most of the mass emissions of PBDEs (47.0-90.5%, 82.4% in average), while nona-BDEs and tri-to octaBDEs only contributed 10% and 8%, respectively. The reductions of the absolute mass concentrations of POPs from W20 were in the order PBDEs >> PBDD/Fs > PCDD/Fs ≈ PCBs for all multi-component diesel blends. The reduction fractions of POPs were in the order PCDD/F > PCB ≈ PBDD/F > PBDE, and those of TEQ were PCDD/F > PCB > PBDD/F. Thus, the addition of butanol and acetone, whether pure or hydrous, could further lower the POP emissions from W20.