An Update on Avian Infectious Coryza: It’s Re-Emerging Trends on Epidemiology, Etiologic Characterization, Diagnostics, Therapeutic and Prophylactic Advancements

Abstract

Avian Infectious coryza, a highly opportunistic respiratory tract infection caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum is now believed to be evolving as a re-emerging disease of poultry birds. Albeit adoption of strong precautionary/prophylactic measures i.e. vaccine/vaccination practice, the infection continues as complicated pattern of disease course worldwide that results in massive economic and production losses. India, being a major admirer of poultry products suffers tremendously with this insidious infectious insult every year, thus strives for some better optional measures to curtail this curse. This review article blazons some significant development(s) that took place over the period of last decade with regards to its epidemiologic spectrum, characterization of its etiologic agent and important improvement(s)/advancement(s) in its diagnostic as well as prophylactic approach (es). Although, the major achievements to identify and restrict this disease has been carried out in early 80s and 90s, however precarious nature of this organism has largely left scientific and farming community abstruse over its ambit on host specificity and geographic limitation(s). Following strong vaccinal/prophylactic measures, the causative organism(s) further acquired superlative advantages having bypassing host immune surveillance mechanisms acquired through existing vaccine components, besides violating constitutive immunity of host. The plausible reason behind such immunity exclusion is hitherto unknown, when it comes to host's response against pathogen. Resultantly, a detailed study to this effect is highly warranted to avoid further sinister in our poultry operation(s) due to Avibacterium paragallinarum infection. Most of the recent studies endeavoured to work on serovar B of Avibacterium paragallinarum organism which is quite prevalent at the moment at varied places across the globe. This warrants concerted/dedicated diagnostic techniques employing high end bio-molecular approaches for better comprehension of the disease, and to have a blue print with regard to adoption of newer therapeutic strategy towards containment of the infection for fruitful future.

Antimicrobial sensitivity of Avibacterium paragallinarum isolates from layers in the special region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

“…Gram staining was done on 24 isolates and showed Gramnegative coccobacilli. The results are similar to the findings of Patil et al [22] and Deshmukh et al [23]. Then, the isolates underwent biochemical tests, such as catalase, oxidase, urease, indole, motility, and carbohydrate fermentation tests.…”

“…A. paragallinarum had the highest resistance level against E, followed by TE, S, DO, K, and W. Most of A. paragallinarum isolates have shown resistance primarily to sulfonamides and partly to aminoglycosides (especially S) and TE [23]. The resistance level against E was similar to other studies [9,15], whereas the high level of resistance against TE was similar to the study reported by Thenmozi and Malmarugan [29], and Heuvelink et al [30].…”

“…All isolates were sensitive to AMP, AML, and C. According to Akter et al [5], Wahyuni et al [13], and Han et al [24], A. paragallinarum had the highest sensitivity to AMP and AML. A. paragallinarum isolates were found to be sensitive to penicillin and few penicillin groups of compounds, such as AMP and AML [23]. Luna-Galaz et al [25] also reported that all reference isolates used in the study were sensitive to AMP and AML.…”

Vaccines the tugboat for prevention-based animal production

“…Poultry are susceptible to many infectious diseases such as infectious bursal disease, infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis, Marek's disease, Newcastle disease, Fowl pox, avian influenza, fowl cholera, fowl typhoid, bacillary white diarrhea, chronic respiratory disease, and coccidiosis, etc. (Deshmukh et al, 2015;Jordan, 2017;García, 2017;Yuan et al, 2018;Alkie and Rautenschlein, 2016;Wua et al, 2011;Reddy et al, 2016). Morbidity and mortality caused by the pathogens are very high leading to negative impact on production and human welfare due to shortage of food supply.…”

ВЫЯВЛЕНИЕ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ К АНТИБИОТИКАМ У ВОЗБУДИТЕЛЯ ГИСТОФИЛЕЗА КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА Histophilus somni

“…Вакцинация птиц обеспечивает выработку напряженного иммунитета, обусловленного наличием антигемагглютинирующих антител. Выявлена тесная связь между протективной функцией иммунитета и титром специфических антител в реакции торможения гемагглютинации (7,11,12). Вакцинация позволяет значительно сократить использование антибактериальных препаратов, что, в свою очередь, способствует предотвращению проблем, связанных с появлением резистентности у микроорганизмов и остаточными количествами антибиотиков в продукции птицеводства (12)(13).…”