Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Essential Oil of <i>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</i> Leaf: In Vivo and in Silico Studies

Australian tropical plants have been a rich source of food (bush food) and medicine to the first Australians (Aboriginal people), who are believed to have lived for more than 50,000 years. Plants such as spreading sneezeweed (Centipeda minima), goat’s foot (Ipomoea pes-caprae), and hop bush (Dodonaea viscosa and D. polyandra) are a few popular Aboriginal medicinal plants. Thus far, more than 900 medicinal plants have been recorded in the tropical region alone, and many of them are associated with diverse ethnomedicinal uses that belong to the traditional owners of Aboriginal people. In our effort to find anti-inflammatory lead compounds in collaboration with Aboriginal communities from their medicinal plants, we reviewed 78 medicinal plants used against various inflammation and inflammatory-related conditions by Aboriginal people. Out of those 78 species, we have included only 45 species whose crude extracts or isolated pure compounds showed anti-inflammatory properties. Upon investigating compounds isolated from 40 species (for five species, only crude extracts were studied), 83 compounds were associated with various anti-inflammatory properties. Alphitolic acid, Betulinic acid, Malabaric acid, and Hispidulin reduced proinflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and 2) with IC50 values ranging from 11.5 to 46.9 uM. Other promising anti-inflammatory compounds are Brevilin A (from Centipeda minima), Eupalestin, and 5′-methoxy nobiletin (from Ageratum conyzoides), Calophyllolide (from Calophyllum inophyllum), and Brusatol (from Brucea javanica). D. polyandra is one example of an Aboriginal medicinal plant from which a novel anti-inflammatory benzoyl ester clerodane diterpenoid compound was obtained (compound name not disclosed), and it is in the development of topical medicines for inflammatory skin diseases. Medicinal plants in the tropics and those associated with indigenous knowledge of Aboriginal people could be a potential alternative source of novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics.

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“…Crude EO NS Reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema, xylene-induced ear oedema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma [307].…”

Section: Eucalyptus Camaldulensismentioning

confidence: 97%

Indigenous Uses, Phytochemical Analysis, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Australian Tropical Medicinal Plants

Yeshi

Turpin

Jamtsho³

et al. 2022

Molecules

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“…zPrevious zstudy zevaluated zthe zability zof zthe zextract zto zreduce zthe zsize zof zoedema zproduced zby zcarrageenin zand zformaldehyde, zsuggests zthat zit zcontained zchemical zcomponent z(s) zthat zmay zbe zactive zagainst zinflammatory zconditions. zThe zinflammatory zaction zinduced zby zcarrageenan zmay zbe zas za zresult zof zstepwise zrelease zof zthe zinflammatory zmediators zsuch zas zhistamine, zserotonin zand zbradykinin zwhich zare zreleased zin zthe zearly zphase zof zinflammatory zreaction, zand zprostaglandins zwhich zare zreleased zlate zin zthe zacute zphase z (Mondal et al, 2021). Pain zis zthe znormal zphysiological zresponse zto za znoxious zchemical, zassociated zwith zinvasive zprocedures (Alyas et al, 2020;Oladele et al, 2019).…”

Section: Fgure III Analgesic Activity Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic and Analgesic Activities of Ethanolic Fruit Extract Momordica Charantia on Albino Rats

Alyas

Aman

ZAHID

et al. 2023

Biol Clin Sci Res J

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Diverse natural mechanisms against pain, inflammation, and several other infections are varied for medicinal plants. Inflammation is unique biological defense mechanism against harmful stimuli like infections, harmed cells, or irritants. M. charantia is frequently used to treat a variety of illnesses, including fever, discomfort, and inflammation. The purpose of the current study is to identify the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic properties of ethanolic extract of M. charantia. 30 rats were divided into three groups (control, standard and experimental group). Control and standard group contain 5 rats in each group whereas experimental group contained 20 rats. All rats in three groups were treated with carrageenan for induction of oedema, yeast to induce pyrexia and acetic acid to induce pain. Control group rats were treated with normal saline for all the activities. Standard group rats were treated with diclofenac for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities and paracetamol for antipyretic activity. The fruit extract was injected into abdominal muscles and intraperitoneal tissues.Carrageenan, an anti-inflammatory substance, was used to assess its ability to reduce spell edema, acetic acid was used to study its ability to cause writhing and yeast, was used to demonstrate its ability to pyrexia. The maximal percentage of fruit extract inhibition in anti-inflammatory action was 31.25%. The maximal percentage of fruit extract inhibition against fever was 83.58%. Maximum percentage of inhibition against stomach pain during analgesic action was 31%. Significant findings in anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic actions were demonstrated at doses of 200 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg, respectively, when compared to controls. Our research demonstrates and validates the traditional medical usage of M. charantia. It was concluded that ethanolic fruit extract of M. charantia may decrease inflammation, pyrexia and writhing in albino rats effectively.

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“…This was conducted via inhibition of xylene-induced ear oedema and formalin-induced nociception. Both procedures are behavioural techniques established to study the effects of inflammation and nociception in mice [47].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Anti-nociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Markhamia tomentosa Cream Co-Formulated with Eucalyptus Oil

Cardoso-Daodu,

Mmaduabuchukwu,

Ilomuanya

et al. 2023

PAJOLS

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Background: Pain is a noxious, sensory, and emotional experience due to intense stimuli. Pain is intimately linked with nociception. The clinical therapies available at the moment for pain are tricyclic antidepressants, non -steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and opioids. There is a need to develop and investigate safer alternatives that minimise the chances of psychological or physical drug dependence and drug dose tolerance. The purpose of this research is to develop an anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive formulation (Markhamia tomentosa cream co-formulated with Eucalyptus oil as a permeation enhancer) and evaluate its efficacy. Methods: In this study, Markhamia tomentosa was extracted from its leaves using maceration technique. A qualitative screening of the Markhamia tomentosa ethanolic extract (EEMT) was carried out. Five emulsions (A1-A5) containing varying compositions of Markhamia tomentosa were developed, and a negative control (an emulsion that did not contain Markhamia tomentosa or Eucalyptus oil) was also developed using fusion method. The anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties of the topical creams were evaluated using mice paw-licking and xylene-induced ear oedema tests. Diclofenac and aspirin administered at 20 mg/kg and 50mg/kg orally, respectively, were used as standards. All experiments were carried out in triplicates. Results: The phytochemical investigation of the Markhamia tomentosa extract showed a marked presence of key phyto-constituents such as saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. A1 and A2 had significantly higher percentage of nociception inhibition at phase I—neurogenic and phase II—inflammatory stages compared to Diclofenac 20 mg/kg. A1 and A3 had anti-inflammatory properties more potent than Aspirin 50mg/kg. In both tests, the negative controls did not show any level of potency. All results in this investigation were expressed as mean ± S.D (n=3) and (p<0.05) for all data sets. Formulation A1 had the highest concentration of EEMT. No rash, erythema, or oedema was observed in the Draize test implying that the formulations are safe for topical application. Conclusion: Markhamia tomentosa and eucalyptus oil cream showed potent anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity. Markhamia tomentosa cream co-formulated with Eucalyptus oil as a permeation enhancer can be used effectively as a non-opioid, anti-nociceptive, and anti-inflammatory cream topically for pain and its symptoms

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Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Essential Oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Leaf: In Vivo and in Silico Studies

Cited by 9 publications

References 54 publications

Indigenous Uses, Phytochemical Analysis, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Australian Tropical Medicinal Plants

Indigenous Uses, Phytochemical Analysis, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Australian Tropical Medicinal Plants

Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic and Analgesic Activities of Ethanolic Fruit Extract Momordica Charantia on Albino Rats

Evaluation of Anti-nociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Markhamia tomentosa Cream Co-Formulated with Eucalyptus Oil

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