Analisis Kegagalan Konstruksi Dari Perspektif Socio – Engineering System

Abstract

Salah satu penyebab utama kerentanan fisik dan lingkungan adalah kegiatan manusia dalam membangun lingkungan-binaannya, dan hal ini sangat erat terkait dengan sektor konstruksi. Cara membangun yang salah, baik dari segi perencanaan dan perancangan maupun dari segi pelaksanaan dan pengawasannya dapat menghasilkan infrastruktur yang rentan terhadap bencana, selain juga risiko degradasi lingkungan. Hasil studi data statistik kegagalan, memperlihatkan bahwa Practitioners mempunyai saham dan potensi yang lebih besar dari Theoreticians dalam menekan resiko kegagalan. Persentasi resiko terbesar datang dari Human Activities dan Human Attitude. Socio-Engineering berfokus pada atribut yang melekat pada seseorang seperti , sikap (attitude), keahlian (skill) , nilai/norma yang diyakini (values), relasi sesama manusia, pengakuan dan penghargaan (reward system), wewenang struktural (authority structure). Hasil penelitian ini dapat dijadikan suatu teori yang berfungsi untuk menjelaskan, meramalkan, dan mengontrol suatu gejala. Penelitian ini menganalisis Kegagalan Konstruksi dari Perspektif Socio – Engineering System. Pengaruh Socio – Engineering System terhadap kegagalan kontruksi dan bangunan sangat beresiko ( 66,7 %) dalam artinya perilaku manusia memiliki peranan yang cukup berarti dalam kegagalan konstruksi. Kegagalan konstruksi dilihat dari perspektif socio engineering system yang berpengaruh yaitu pada tahap perencanaan, dokumen perencanaan dan proses pengadaan. Pada tahap ini faktor yang dapat mengakibatkan kegagalan kontruksi, seperti persaingan yang tidak sehat ,korupsi, kolusi, nepotisme, (KKN) dan penyuapan agar memenangkan tender Pengadaan Barang dan Jasa (90,00 % ), Terjadinya persekongkolan dengan Owner untuk mengatur harga penawaran diluar prosedur pengadaan(80,00 %), Keinginan Owner untuk meraih keuntungan yang tidak normal ( Fee Proyek ) dengan menekan imbalan jasa dari konsultan Perencana / Kontraktor diluar kontrak yang telah disepakati (76,7%).Kata Kunci : Analisis kegagalan konstruksi, socio – engineering system, resiko, sikap, prilaku

Study of Failure Risk Factors for Residential Infrastructure Buildings

“…Lack of competent personnel (source: Wahyuningsih, 2020;Ashad, 2019) Low worker productivity (source: Wahyuningsih, 2020, Enderzon, 2020Ashad, 2019) Labour disputes (source: Wahyuningsih, 2020 Unfair competition, corruption, collusion, nepotism, and bribery to win the tender for the procurement of goods and services (Source: (Saputra et al, 2016) There is a conspiracy with the owner to set the bid price outside the procurement procedure (Source Saputra et al, 2016) Owner's desire to achieve abnormal profits (Project Fees) by suppressing service fees from Planning consultants / Contractors outside the agreed contract (Source: Saputra et al, 2016) The difference between the contract value and the ceiling that is too large and tends to be irrational will result in potential disruption of the implementation process and non-fulfilment of project technical specifications (Source: Yustinus Eka Wiyana, 2012) Project Site Risk (Source: Rehacek, 2017; Zavadskas et al, 2010) Obstacles in land acquisition (Source: Rahmawati, 2020) The reasons behind the possibility of internal risks include the incompetent condition of the contractor or subcontractor's ability, lack of competent personnel, low worker productivity, labour disputes, fatigue due to a lot of overtime work, lack of communication/coordination, and labour transfer not following the planned schedule, low project teamwork, lack of human resources with certificates of expertise and skills, essential work documents that are not properly archived, errors in understanding technical matters regarding construction and work methods, lack of thoroughness and understanding of the contents Articles of contract rights and obligations, lack of management experience, poor documentation and reporting, inappropriate/incomplete contract documents, inaccurate planning data/wrong planning and other causes. The reasons behind the possibility of the risk of building failure in terms of the construction project itself include the implementation method not according to procedures, engineering approaches that are not used in work methods, not using actual risk management for work method analysis, field survey errors, mismatches between the volume of work in the contract and conditions in the field, changes in design or change orders, project supervision is not good, work quality is not achieved, low-quality management implementation, late payment of terms by the owner to contractors, high overhead operating costs financing, cost estimation errors, contractor financial management unprofessional and other causes.…”

“…Oyfer (2002) states that construction failures, including quality defects, may stem from not only single but also multiple sources. Meanwhile, Pranoto in Saputra et al, (2016) says that natural factors and human behaviour often influence the basis of building failure. Biological factors are failures due to dynamic changes in nature, such as volcanic eruptions, floods, ocean waves, and earthquakes.…”

“…Vickynason in Saputra et al, (2016) explains that human factors may cause 80% of the total project risk in construction. Oyfer in Saputra et al, (2016) states that the causes of construction defects in America are human factors (54%), design (17%), maintenance (15%), materials (12%), and unexpected things (2%).…”

“…Vickynason in Saputra et al, (2016) explains that human factors may cause 80% of the total project risk in construction. Oyfer in Saputra et al, (2016) states that the causes of construction defects in America are human factors (54%), design (17%), maintenance (15%), materials (12%), and unexpected things (2%). Abdul Hamid, (2015) points out that the top-ranking factors critical to project failure reflect typical criteria of unrealistic schedules, inadequate funds and resources, and unclear goals of senior management.…”

Studi Persepsional Risiko Kecacatan Konstruksi pada Bangunan Gedung Menggunakan Metode Failure Mode Effect and Analysis (FMEA)

“…Kegagalan konstruksi dilihat dari perspektif socio engineering system yang berpengaruh yaitu pada tahap perencanaan, dokumen perencanaan dan proses pengadaan. Pada tahap ini faktor yang dapat mengakibatkan kegagalan kontruksi, seperti persaingan yang tidak sehat ,korupsi, kolusi, nepotisme, (KKN) dan penyuapan agar memenangkan tender Pengadaan Barang dan Jasa (90,00 % ), Terjadinya persekongkolan dengan Owner untuk mengatur harga penawaran diluar prosedur pengadaan(80,00 %), Keinginan Owner untuk meraih keuntungan yang tidak normal ( Fee Proyek ) dengan menekan imbalan jasa dari konsultan Perencana / Kontraktor diluar kontrak yang telah disepakati (76,7%) [13].…”