Analiza mechaniki procesu rozdrabniania surowców mineralnych w kruszarkach i wysokociśnieniowych prasach walcowych

Bromowicz, Jan; Figarska-Warchoł, Beata

doi:10.2478/v10269-012-0022-2

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…[27] The limestones occur mainly in three varieties: fine-grained, medium-grained and coarse-grained. [54][55][56][57][58] The porosity of the fine-grained and medium-grained Pińczów limestones varies from approximately 25% to 38%, [54,59] with a mean of 36.67%, [54] while that of the coarse-grained variety may reach 37-38%. [59] The saturation index of the fine-grained and mediumgrained stones is 15.45%, being almost the same (16.06%) in the case of the coarse-grained stones.…”

Section: Site Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[54][55][56][57][58] The porosity of the fine-grained and medium-grained Pińczów limestones varies from approximately 25% to 38%, [54,59] with a mean of 36.67%, [54] while that of the coarse-grained variety may reach 37-38%. [59] The saturation index of the fine-grained and mediumgrained stones is 15.45%, being almost the same (16.06%) in the case of the coarse-grained stones. [54] Their durability depends on the textural development and is correlated with the porosity of rocks and the crystallinity of calcite, two factors that control the amount of secondary gypsum, the main salt originating in the course of stone weathering induced by anthropogenic factors.…”

Section: Site Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of secondary salts and their sources in deteriorated stone monuments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐EDS and XRD

Marszałek

2016

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Salts crystallisation is a cause of deterioration of stone monuments. Very small sizes of salt crystals, often a multiphase composition and usually low concentrations hamper their identification. Therefore, micro‐Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and, in some cases, X‐ray diffraction have been used to identify the salts that crystallised within and on the weathered limestone and sandstone architectonic details of the Blessed Salomea sculpture and its arch in the cloister of the Poor Clares in Kraków, Poland. Possible sources of salts, i.e. regarding the plaster around the details, the mortar of joints of the arch and previous conservation procedures, have been discussed. The limestone sculpture reveals the presence of black crusts and the sandstone arch of white efflorescences, both stones crumble and exfoliate. Gypsum and barite were the only salts in the black crust and subflorescences of the limestone. The salts in the pore space of the sandstone include mainly aphthitalite, niter, nitratine and burkeite, while efflorescences consist of thenardite and syngenite. Such differences probably result from various precipitation conditions in narrow pore spaces and on the unconfined sandstone surface. The deterioration products have been mainly assigned to air pollution, stone itself in the case of the limestone, and migration of ions from structural elements of the arch in the case of the sandstone. The impact of the chemicals utilised for stone conservation also seems to be possible. Characterisation of the salts present in deteriorated stones can help in selecting the methods of stone desalination and conservation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Site Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Site Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of secondary salts and their sources in deteriorated stone monuments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐EDS and XRD

Marszałek

2016

J Raman Spectroscopy

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The Development of Efficient Contaminated Polymer Materials Shredding in Recycling Processes

2021

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Recently, a dynamic increase in the number of polymer elements ending their life cycle has been observed. There are three main ways of dealing with polymer waste: reuse in an unchanged form, recycling (both material and energy), and disposal (mainly in the form of landfilling or incineration). The legislation of European countries promotes in particular two forms of waste management: reuse and recycling. Recycling processes are used to recover materials and energy especially from contaminated waste, which are structurally changed by other materials, friction, temperature, machine, process, etc. The recycling of polymers, especially of multi-plastic structural elements, requires the use of special technological installations and a series of preparatory operations, including crushing and separating. Due to the universality and necessity of materials processing in recycling engineering, in particular size reduction, the aim of this study is to organize and systematize knowledge about shredding in the recycling process of end-of-life polymeric materials. This could help properly design these processes in the context of sustainable development and circular economy. Firstly, an overview of the possibilities of end-of-life plastics management was made, and the meaning of shredding in the end-of-life pathways was described. Then, the development of comminution in recycling processes was presented, with special emphasis given to quasi-cutting as the dominant mode of comminution of polymeric materials. The phenomenon of quasi-cutting, as well as factors related to the material, the operation of the shredding machine, and the technological process affecting it were described. Research conducted on quasi-cutting as a phenomenon when cutting single material samples and quasi-cutting as a machine process was characterized. Then, issues regarding recycling potentials in the context of shredding were systematized. Considerations included the areas of material, technical, energy, human, and control potentials. Presented bases and models can be used to support the innovation of creative activities, i.e., environmentally friendly actions, that produce specific positive environmental results in the mechanical processing of recycled and reused materials. The literature survey indicates the need to explore the environmental aspect of the shredding process in recycling and connect the shredding process variables with environmental consequences. This will help to design and control the processes to get the lowest possible environmental burdens.

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Analiza mechaniki procesu rozdrabniania surowców mineralnych w kruszarkach i wysokociśnieniowych prasach walcowych

Cited by 2 publications

References 2 publications

Identification of secondary salts and their sources in deteriorated stone monuments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐EDS and XRD

Identification of secondary salts and their sources in deteriorated stone monuments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐EDS and XRD

The Development of Efficient Contaminated Polymer Materials Shredding in Recycling Processes

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