“…This factor originally refers to the index of distance from other regions/destinations, which has an impact on the development of urban areas. Proximity to the city centre [18,30,73,79,88,90,96] and distance from built-up areas [10,94], accessibility to public facilities such as public transport stations [30,32], access to education and research centres (such as colleges, universities, school, etc.) [1,9,20,56,85], commercial/leisure centre/ park [1,30,56,68,[96][97][98], hotel [1,13,57], neighboring effects [16,99], medical care e.g., hospital [1,9] are all considered to be crucial in driving urban growth.…”